Turbidity and turbidimeter

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Turbidity and turbidimete
Cairo University Biomedical Engineering dept.
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Bio-Analysis
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Turbidity and turbidimeters
Prepared By :
Name Section B.N
Ahmad Hamza Mohamad 1 3
Ahmad Said Kater 1 4
Hazem Mohamed Abo-Elmaged 1 32
Sohail Ahmad Maher 2 1
Mohamad Salah Shebel
Mahmoud Helmy Gharib
2
2
21
24

CONTENTs :
1) Introduction.
2) Turbidity.
 Definition of turbidity.
 Causes of turbidity.
 Risks of turbidity.
3) Measurement & theory.
4) Applications.
5) Example & specifications.
 Turbidimeter Model 850.

1) INTRODUCTION
As engineers, it is always our duty to make the people life easier
and easier. And as biomedical engineers, it is our main goal to
care about people life from biological prospect. by mixing our
biological background, mathematical and physical knowledge to
serve the human being.
Day by day the challenges facing people to live a healthy life
increase and our challenges as engineers increase as well. One
of the challenges is Turbidity and Measuring it. In this report we
will discuss turbidity, ways to measure it, theory and the
principles used.

2) TURBIDITY
 Definition :
Turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the water loses its
transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates. The
more total suspended solids in the water, the murkier it seems
and the higher the turbidity.
Also known as, the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by
large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible
to the naked eye.
The picture above shows an example of water of a river or lack
with very high turbidity which means it is not allowed to drink t
directly as it is very harmful.
So, turbidity can give an enough indication and is considered as
a good measure of the quality of water.
And as engineers, we had to find some ways to can measure
turbidity to can find the suitable ways to fine this water to can
be used or dive a decision that it can not be used.
As every environmental or chemical phenomena, turbidity has
causes. So, first of all we have to know the several causes of the
turbidity.

 Causes of turbidity :
There are various parameters influencing the cloudness of the
water. Some of them are :
 Phytoplankton
some are bacteria, some are protists, and most are single-celled
plants.
 Sediments from erosion.
 Resuspended Sediments from the bottom.
Frequently stir up by bottom feeders like crap.
 Waste discharge.
 Urban runoff.
 Algae growth.
 Some industries such as quarrying and mining .

 Risks of turbidity :
 Drinking water.
The higher the turbidity level, the higher the risk that people
may develop gastrointestinal diseases.
 High turbidity levels affect fish and shellfish.
In water bodies such as lakes, rivers and reservoirs, high
turbidity levels can reduce the amount of light reaching lower
depths, which can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic
plants and consequently affect species which are dependent on
them, such as fish and shellfish
3) MEASURMENT &
THEORY
There are several practical ways of checking water quality, the most
direct being some measure of attenuation of light as it passes through a
sample column of water.
Of course water alone produces some attenuation, and any substances
dissolved in the water that produce color can attenuate some wavelengths
as well.
And here are some of the mothed used to measure turbidity:
 JTU (Jackson Turbidity Units) :
The unit was used in the ancient time and it is no longer in
standard use.
It is essentially the inverse measure of the length of a column of
water needed to completely obscure a candle flame viewed
through it. And the more water needed, the clearer the water.

 Secchi disk :
in lakes, reservoirs, channels, and the ocean the turbidity is
measured with this device. This is a black and white disk that is
dropped in the water attached to a rope. The depth that the disk
reaches before it disappears from sight is recorded. And this
provides an estimation of the turbidity level in the lake.
But this method cannot be used in shallow waters where the
disk can still be seen on the bottom.
 The turbidity tube :
It condenses water in a graded tube which allows determination
of turbidity based on a contrast disk in its bottom, being
analogous to the Secchi disk.

 Nephelometer with the detector :
A nephelometer with the detector set up to the side of the light
beam. The more light reaches the detector if there are lots of
small particles scattering the source beam than if there are few.
The units of turbidity from a calibrated nephelometer are called
Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).
 ISO 7027 technique :
It is used to determine the concentration of suspended particles
in a sample of water by measuring the incident light scattered at
right angles from the sample. The scattered light is captured by
a photodiode, which produces an electronic signal that is
converted to a turbidity.

4) APPLICATIONS
 Inorganic analysis.
 Organic analysis; clarity of citrus juices, benzene in alcohol.
 Biochemical analysis; growth of bacterium.
 Air & water pollution; in air dust or smoke are monitored
whereas in water turbidity.
 Phase titrations
 In industry; food processing and paper and pulp.
 Drug development.
 Atmospheric pollution smoke and fog.
Determination of impurities or particulate matter in
pharmaceuticals.

5) EXAMPLE &
SPECIFICATIONS
(Turbidimeter Model 850)

Description :
 The Model 850 is a rugged inline turbidimeter that monitors
turbidity in process pipes, open channels or tanks.
 The inline measurements assure instantaneous response, maximum
accuracy, and highest reliability.
 Instantaneous Response.
 Handles Harsh Process Conditions.
 Minimal Maintenance.
 Insertion or Submersible Sensor :
 Insertion sensor is designed for pipe and tank wall installations.
 Submersible sensor is designed for open channel applications or
open tank installations.
 Wide Dynamic Range :
This device has four ranges from 0-2 NTU to 0-2000 NTU.
 The low-level range (0-2 NTU) has a resolution of 0.001
NTU and is useful in processes where very low turbidity
measurement is required.
 The higher ranges can be used on raw water supplies and
other processes where turbidity is monitored before filtering.
 Can be used in many Industrial Applications
 Potable water
 Wastewater
 Dairy
 Mining
 Chemical
 Food and beverage
 Breweries
 Pulp and paper
 Forestry

Specifications :
TRANSMITTERs
Display 3.5 Digit LCD Indicator
Range 0-2, 0-20, 0-200, 0-2000 NTU Switch Selectable
Input Model 850 Sensor
Output
4-20 mA into 600 ohms max. isolated, other outputs
available
Resolution 0.05% of Full Scale
Repeatability Range dependent 0.01 NTU
Accuracy 2% of Full Scale
Ambient
Temperature
0o
C to 50o
C
Alarms Optional Dual Alarms
Enclosure NEMA 1 or NEMA 4X
Dimensions
11" W x 6" H x 4" D (NEMA 1)
11-7/8" W x 7-1/4" H x 6-3/4" D (NEMA 4X)
Mounting
Panel or wall mount (NEMA 1)
Wall or pipe mount (NEMA 4X)
Power
115 or 230 VAC @ 50/60 Hz, 5 Watts. Optional 12 & 24
VDC etc.
Shipping Weight 16-24 lbs. Depending on Options
SENSORs
Type Insertion Probe Submersible Probe
Size Pipes greater than 2 inches Open channel/tanks
Wetted Parts 316 Stainless, glass 316 Stainless, glass
Process Temp. -10o
C to 110o
C -10o
C to 60o
C
Pressure 0 to 150 psig 0 to 50 psig(110 feet of water)
Mounting 1" NPT male Cable or rigid mount
Diameter 7/8" 7/8"
Length 12" 8"
Junction Box 2 X 4 X 2" None

Turbidity and turbidimeter

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