Cern general information

2. Introduction to CERN
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 2
Rende Steerenberg, CERN BE-OP
“Visit of Dutch Professors of HBO”
5th March 2015

3. The Mission of CERN
Train scientists and engineers of tomorrow
Student programs, teacher programs, PhD…
CERN Accelerators Schools, Computing schools, etc…
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 3
Push back the frontiers of knowledge
E.g. the secrets of the Big Bang …what was the matter like
within the first moments of the Universe’s existence ?
Develop new technologies for accelerators and
detectors
Information technology – The World Wide Web, the GRID
Medicine – diagnosis and therapy
Unite people from different countries and cultures

4. The Mission of CERN
Train scientists and engineers of tomorrow
Student programs, teacher programs, PhD…
CERN Accelerators Schools, Computing schools, etc…
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 4
Push back the frontiers of knowledge
E.g. the secrets of the Big Bang …what was the matter like
within the first moments of the Universe’s existence ?
Develop new technologies for accelerators and
detectors
Information technology – The World Wide Web, the GRID
Medicine – diagnosis and therapy
Unite people from different countries and cultures

5. How did it start ?
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 5
Ground breaking 17 May 1954
After the 2nd World War, European science was no longer world-class.
CERN Today, much has
changed
But not everything
A handful of visionary scientists imagined
creating a European atomic physics
laboratory, not only to unite European
scientists but also allow them to share the
increasing costs of nuclear physics facilities.
CERN was born

6. CERN Today
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 6
CERN was founded in 1954 with 12 European member states
Today: 21 member states
About 2300 staff
About 1300 other paid personnel
About 11500 scientific users 2015 budget:
About 1000 MCHF
Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak
Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom
States in accession to Membership: Romania, Serbia
Applications for Membership or Associate Membership:
Brazil, Croatia, Cyprus, Pakistan, Russia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine
Observers to Council: India, Japan, Russia, Turkey, United States of America; European
Union, JINR and UNESCO

7. CERN and Global Science
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 7

8. 5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 8

9. What are we looking for together ?
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 9
Atom
Proton
Big Bang
Radius of Earth
Radius of Galaxies
Earth to Sun
Universe
Hubble ALMA
VLT
AMS
Study physics laws of first moments after Big Bang
increasing Symbiosis between Particle Physics,
Astrophysics and Cosmology
Super-Microscope
LHC

10. Verify the Standard Model and go beyond
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 10
But also search for
physics beyond the
standard model

11. The main idea behind our accelerators
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 11
• Create matter by increasing energy E = m c2
• Provide insight in particle structures
Visible light X-ray
λ =
h c
E
Particle accelerators

12. 5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 12
The CERN Accelerator Complex

13. Fixed Target Versus Colliders
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 13
Collider
All energy will be available
for particle production
E = Ebeam1 +Ebeam2
Fixed Target
E µ Ebeam
Much of the energy is lost in
the target and only part is used
to produce secondary particles

14. 5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 14
Exploration of a new energy frontier
in p-p and Pb-Pb collisions
LHC ring:
27 km circumference
CMS
ALICE
LHCb
ATLAS

15. The LHC – CERN flagship
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 15
• CERN “only” contributed ~20% to the experiments
• The experiment have been built by large
international collaborations.
• During the extensive 1993 cost review much of
the R&D on the most critical components was still
to be done.
Amount in MCHF
Personnel Material Total
LHC and exp. Areas incl.
R&D, injectors, tests and
pre-operation
1224 3756 4980
CERN contribution to
experiments
869 493 1362
CERN contribution to
LHC computing
85 83 168
Total CERN cost 2178 4332 6510

16. The LHC in operation
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 16
= Field in main magnets
= Beam 1 intensity (current)
= Beam 2 intensity (current)
4 TeV
450
GeV
Tim
e
Injection Ramp Squeeze
&
Adjust
Stable beams for physics Dump
&
Ramp down
The LHC is built to collide protons at 7 TeV per
beam, which is 14 TeV centre of Mass
In 2012 it ran at 8 TeV centre of mass
In 2015 we plan to run at 13 TeV centre of mass

17. Integrated Luminosity Produced
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 17
Similar figures for ATLAS
2010 - Commissioning:
• 7 TeV c.m.
• 0.04 fb-1
2011 - Exploring:
• 7 TeV c.m.
• 6.1 fb-1
2012 - Production:
• 8 TeV c.m.
• 23.3 fb-1
Luminosity is the number of events per cm2 per second

18. 5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 18

19. Some Remarkable LHC Figures
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• The machine circumference is 26.659 km and is situated at about 100 m under
ground at the foot of the Jura in a tunnel of about 4 m in diameter.
• The billions of particles fly around in bunches and make 11245 turns per second.
• They produce 600 million collisions per second in the four collision points of which
the data needs to be stored and treated, hence the GRID.
• There are 9593 magnets in the LHC of which 1232 dipoles.
• Niobium-titanium cables are used as they become super conducting below a
temperature of 10 K (-263 °C).
• A current of 12 000 A flows through the cables without any resistance, creating a
magnetic field of 8.3 T
• The particles are accelerated, using 8 cavities per beam, delivering 2 million Volt
per cavity, hence the particles experience 16 million Volt per turn.
• The LHC has the largest cryogenic system in the world and is one of the coolest
places on earth, with 120 ton of liquid helium and over 40000 connections.

20. Nobel Prize for in Physics 2013
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 was awarded jointly to François Englert and
Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes
to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which
recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental
particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron
Collider”.
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 20

21. Technology at CERN
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 21
• Computing/IT
• Vacuum & cryogenics
• Cooling & Ventilation
• Electronics
• Electricity
• Magnets
• Mechanics
• Material Science
• Radiofrequency
• Control Systems
• Safety
• Civil Engineering
• …

22. What in it for Dutch HBO students ?
• Challenging multi-disciplinary projects in a scientific
and engineering environment
• International experience
• Educational opportunities
• Language courses
• Accelerator physics courses
• Technical course
• ….
• Last but not least
• Nice environment with hiking, skiing and whatever more
…..But lets listen to Ingrid Haug Human Resources for
this..
5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 22

23. 5 March 2015 Rende Steerenberg, CERN - BE/OP 23
“We shall have no better conditions in the
future if we are satisfied with all those
which we have at present.”
Thomas A. Edison
Inventor and businessman, 1874 –
1931
The LHC March 2013E. Lawrence who
invented the cyclotron in
1929

25. Technical Student Project Example
• Field: Electronics Engineering (Beam Instrumentation)
• Title: Development of a fast image readout system for
the PS Ionisation Profile monitor
• Description: A novel electron detection system has
been proposed for PS ionisation profile monitor, based
on a silicon pixel detector and Timepix3 chip. The speed
at which the system produces data requires an FPGA for
data collection, compression and retransmission via an
optical link. The subject of this project is the
development of FPGA code allowing such a readout and
test of the system with an electron source in vacuum.

26. A Beam Profile Measurement Technique

27. Why another technique ?
• A proton beam in the LHC contains a very small amount
of matter (<1 ng = one human cell) moving almost at
speed of light
• It carries energy of a TGV at full speed
• The transverse size is about 0.1 mm (like a hair)!
• How to measure the size of such object ?
• Any material object (e.g. wire) will be destroyed, hence
no beam intercepting devices can be used…

28. Ionisation Profile Monitor
Beam gas ionization profile monitors, measure the transverse beam
size by detecting the position of products of rest gas ionization.
Electrons produced are directed using electric and magnetic fields
towards a phosphor screen which is observed by a camera. An
image of the beam is registered and beam profile calculated
Magnet
Concept: Magnet

29. Some assignment information
• The described project forms a vital part of a bigger project.
• The student is employed for a period of 12 months
• The supervision of the project and the student is ensured by a CERN
staff member, highly specialised in beam profile measurements
• Deliverables:
• FPGA code
• Test setup to be constructed with electron source in vacuum
• Master degree report for University and CERN
• Opportunities for the student:
• Project presented at conference in USA (HB2014)
• Official publications in conference papers as main or co-author
• Participate in FPGA course, accelerator physics course, language courses,
etc. (paid by CERN)

30. Some quotes from a student
“I spent the last year of my master studies working as a technical student at CERN. Being a
mechanical engineer I had never worked with cryogenics before, nevertheless I was chosen to
work in the Cryolab – CERN Central Cryogenic Laboratory. It was an entirely new world for
me, but fortunately nobody expected me to know everything and I was given a chance to
learn.“
“I was operating a device called Dilution Refrigerator, which can reach the temperature of only
10 mK – just above the absolute zero. I was involved in the heat transfer analysis between the
Ultra Cold Electrodes used in the AEgIS project and the Mixing Chamber of the mentioned
Dilution Refrigerator. AEgIS – “Antimatter Experiment: Gravity Interferometry Spectroscopy” is
going to measure the influence of a gravitational field on anti-hydrogen using the cutting edge
technology. Exciting, isn’t it ?”
“The atmosphere of work at CERN is quite exceptional. It’s probably the most multicultural and
cosmopolitan place in the world. You can meet a lot of passionate people sharing the same
interests as you, learn their languages and get more familiar with their cultures.”
• Joanna, now PhD student at CERN

31. Mixing chamber Dilution Refrigerator

32. Some quotes from a student
“During this year I was working together with my colleagues on the AEgIS experiment. This
experiment needs large and very homogeneous magnetic fields in order to trap anti-protons
and help in the formation of an anti-hydrogen beam, ….“
“…. My work focused on the testing of the magnets at 4.2 K, but also their preparation before
the test. After the tests of the magnets we continued with the assembly of the final vacuum
vessels. This included the installation of the required instrumentation, leak-testing of the
vessels, and various other task of preparatory character. After the assembly the magnets were
cooled-down for the first time in their final position and first measurements with an anti-proton
beam have been performed…. ”
“During my work I enjoyed working in a multi-national environment with people from all over
Europe. And seeing an experiment build from the ground up. Starting with tests of small
components and seeing everything build together in the final experiment.”
• Tiemo, now PhD student at CERN

33. The Magnet The Magnet in the
AEgIS experiment