This document discusses security management practices, with a focus on information security management. It covers topics such as information classification, security policies, roles and responsibilities, risk management, and security awareness training. Specifically, it provides details on establishing an information classification process, including identifying information assets, analyzing risks, defining classifications, roles for information owners and custodians, and guidelines for classifying information and applications.

1. Security Management
Practices

2. Security Management Practices
 Information Security Management
 The Big Three - CIA
 The Information Classification process
 Security Policy implementation
 The roles and responsibilities of Security Administration
 Risk Management Assessment tools
 Security Awareness training

3. Information Security Management
 To protect an organization’s valuable resources, such as
information, hardware, and software
 Identification of an organization’s information assets
 The development, documentation, and implementation
of policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines
 Ensure Availability, Integrity and Confidentiality

4. Information Security Management Cont…
 Through the selection and application of appropriate
safeguards, Information Security helps the organization’s
mission by protecting its physical and financial resources,
reputation, legal position, employees, and other tangible and
intangible assets
 Information systems are often critical assets that support the
mission of an organization
 However, including Information Security considerations in the
management of information systems does not completely
eliminate the possibility that these assets will be harmed.

5. Availability, Integrity and Confidentiality
Availability
 Availability is the assurance that a computer system is accessible
by authorized users whenever needed.
The Threat
 Denial of Service & Distributed Denial of Service
 Natural disasters (e.g., fires, floods, storms, or earthquakes)
 Human actions (e.g., bombs or strikes)

6. Availability Cont…
The Action
 Contingency planning — which may involve business resumption
planning, alternative-site processing, or simply disaster recovery
planning — provides an alternative means of processing, thereby
ensuring availability.
 Physical, Technical, and Administrative controls are important
aspects of security initiatives
The Physical controls
 Restrict unauthorized persons from coming into contact with
computing resources and Facilities

7. Availability Cont…
The Technical controls
 Fault-tolerance mechanisms (e.g., hardware redundancy, disk
mirroring, and application checkpoint restart)
 Electronic vaulting (i.e., automatic backup to a secure, off-site
location)
 Access control software to prevent unauthorized users
The Administrative controls
 access control policies, operating procedures, contingency
planning, and user training

8. Integrity
Integrity
 Protection of Information System or Processes from intentional or
accidental unauthorized changes
 Protect the process or program used to manipulate the data from
unauthorized modification.
The Threat
 Hackers, Masqueraders, Unauthorized user activity
 Unprotected downloaded files, networks, and unauthorized
programs (e.g., Trojan horses and viruses)
 Authorized users can corrupt data and programs accidentally or
intentionally

9. Integrity Cont…
The Action
 Granting access on a need-to-know (least privilege) basis
 Separation of duties
 Rotation of duties
Need-to-Know Access (Least Privilege)
 Grant access only to those files and programs that they absolutely
need to perform their assigned job functions
 Restrict through use of well-formed transactions (recording of data/
program modifications in a log)

10. Integrity Cont…
Separation of Duties
 No single employee has control of a transaction from beginning to
end
Rotation of Duties
 Change Job assignments periodically
 Works well when used in conjunction with a separation of duties
 Helps organization when losing a key employee
“The security program must employ a careful balance between ideal
security and practical productivity”

11. Confidentiality
Confidentiality
 Protection of information within systems so that unauthorized
people, resources, and processes cannot access that information
The Threat
 Hackers, Masqueraders, Unauthorized user activity
 Unprotected downloaded files, networks, and unauthorized
programs (e.g., Trojan horses and viruses)
 Social Engineering
The Action
 Granting access on a need-to-know (least privilege) basis
 Well-Formed Transaction
 Awareness

12. Risk Analysis and Assessment
Risk Management
 The processes of identifying, analyzing and assessing, mitigating,
or transferring risk are generally characterized as Risk Management
Risk Management Process
 What could happen (threat event)?
 If it happened, how bad could it be (threat impact)?
 How often could it happen (threat frequency, annualized)?
 How certain are the answers to the first three questions
(recognition of uncertainty)?
 What can be done (risk mitigation)?
 How much will it cost (annualized)?
 Is it cost-effective (cost/benefit analysis)?

13. Risk Analysis and Assessment Cont…
Risk Analysis
 This term represents the process of analyzing a target environment
and the relationships of its risk-related attributes
Qualitative / Quantitative
 Quantitative risk analysis attempts to assign independently
objective numeric numbers (i.e., monetary values) to all elements
of the risk analysis
 Qualitative risk analysis, on the other hand, does not attempt to
assign numeric values at all, but rather is scenario oriented

14. Risk Analysis and Assessment Cont…
Risk Assessment
 This term represents the assignment of value to assets, threat
frequency (annualized), consequence (i.e., exposure factors), and
other elements of chance
Information Asset
 Information is regarded as an intangible asset separate from the
media on which it resides
 Simple cost of replacing the information
 The cost of replacing supporting software
 Costs associated with loss of the information’s confidentiality,
availability, and integrity
 Supporting hardware and network

15. Risk Analysis and Assessment Cont…
Exposure Factor (EF)
 A measure of the magnitude of loss or impact on the value of an
asset
 A percent, ranging from 0 to 100%, of asset value loss arising from
a threat event
Single Loss Expectancy
Single Loss Expectancy = Asset Value X Exposure Factor
Annualized Rate of Occurrence (ARO)
 The frequency with which a threat is expected to occur
 For example, a threat occurring once in ten years has an ARO of
1/10 or 0.1

16. Risk Analysis and Assessment Cont…
Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALE)
Annualized Loss Expectancy = Single Loss Expectancy X
Annualized Rate of Occurrence
Probability
 The chance or likelihood that an event will occur
 For example, the probability of getting a 6 on a single roll of a die
is 1/6, or 0.16667
 The Probability can between 0 to 1
Safeguard
 Risk Analysis and Assessment Cont… occurrence of a specified
threat or category of threats

17. Risk Analysis and Assessment Cont…
Safeguard Effectiveness
 The degree, expressed as a percent, from 0 to 100%, to which a
safeguard can be characterized as effectively mitigating a
vulnerability and reducing associated loss risks
Uncertainty
 The degree, expressed as a percent, from 0.0% to 100%, to which
there is less than complete confidence in the value of any element
of the risk assessment

18. Tasks of Information Risk Management
Establish Information Risk Management Policy
 IRM policy should begin with a high-level policy statement and supporting
objectives, scope, constraints, responsibilities, and approach
 Communicate and Enforce
Establish an IRM Team
 Top Down Approach will work well
Establish IRM Methodology and Tools
 Determine current status of Information Security
 Plan Strategic risk assessment
Identify and Measure Risk
 Perform Risk Assessment based on the IRM policy and IRM methodology &
tools

19. Information Protection Environment
 Threat Analysis
 Asset Identification and Valuation
 Vulnerability Analysis
 Risk Evaluation
 Risk Evaluation
 Interim Reports and Recommendations
 Establish Risk Acceptance Criteria
 Example : do not accept more than a 1 in 100 chance of losing
$1,000,000
 Mitigate Risk
 Safeguard Selection and Risk Mitigation Analysis
 Cost/Benefit Analysis
 Final Report
 Monitor Information Risk Management Performance

20. Security Technology and Tools
Qualitative versus Quantitative Approach
 The Qualitative Approach is much more subjective approach to the
valuation of information assets and the scaling of risk
 In General the risks are described as “low,” “medium,” or “high”
 The Quantitative is talks about real numbers
 Uses Algorithms
 ALE=ARO X (Asset Value X Exposure Factor = SLE)
 Assume the asset value is $1M, the exposure factor is 50%, and
the annualized rate of occurrence is 1/10 (once in ten years)
 ($1M X 50% = $500K) X 1/10 = $50K

21. Pros an Cons of Qualitative Approach
Pros
 Calculations, if any, are simple
 Usually not necessary to determine the monetary value of Information
(CIA)
 Not necessary to determine quantitative threat frequency and impact data
 Not necessary to estimate the cost of recommended risk mitigation
measures and calculate cost/benefit because the process is not
quantitative.
 A general indication of significant areas of risk
Cons
 The risk assessment and results are essentially subjective in both process
and metrics
 The perception of value may not realistically reflect actual value at risk
 Only subjective indication of a problem
 It is not possible to track risk management performance objectively when
all measures are subjective

22. Pros and Cons of Quantitative Approach
Pros
 Meaningful statistical analysis is supported
 The value of information (CIA), as expressed in monetary terms with
supporting rationale, is better understood. Thus, the basis for expected
loss is better understood
 Information security budget decision making is supported
 Risk management performance can be tracked and evaluated.
 Risk assessment results are derived and expressed in management’s
language, monetary value, percentages, and probability annualized. Thus,
risk is better understood.
Cons
 Calculations are complex.
 Not practical to execute a quantitative risk assessment without using a
recognized automated tool and associated knowledge bases,
 A substantial amount of information gathering is required
 Standard, independent Threat population and threat frequency
knowledgebase not yet developed and maintained, so vendor dependent

23. Information Classification
Information Protection Requirements
 Data confidentiality, integrity, and availability are improved because
appropriate controls are used for all data across the enterprise
 The organization gets the most for its information protection dollar
because protection mechanisms are designed and implemented where
they are needed most, and less costly controls can be put in place for
non-critical information
 The quality of decisions is improved because the data upon which the
decisions are made can be trusted
 The company is provided with a process to review all business
functions and informational requirements on a periodic basis to
determine appropriate data classifications

24. Data Classification
 Classification is part of a mandatory access control model
to ensure that sensitive data is properly controlled and
secured
 DoD multi-level security policy has 4 classifications:
 Top Secret
 Secret
 Confidential
 Unclassified
 Other levels in use are:
 Eyes only
 Officers only
 Company confidential
 Public

25. Data Classification Cont…
 Top Secret - applies to the most sensitive business information
which is intended strictly for use within the organization. Unauthorized
disclosure could seriously and adversely impact the company,
stockholders, business partners, and/or its customers
 Secret - Applies to less sensitive business information which is
intended for use within a company. Unauthorized disclosure could
adversely impact the company, its stockholders, its business partners,
and/or its customers
 Confidential - Applies to personal information which is intended for
use within the company. Unauthorized disclosure could adversely
impact the company and/or its employees
 Unclassified - Applies to all other information which does not clearly
fit into any of the above three classifications. Unauthorized disclosure
isn’t expected to seriously or adversely impact the company

26. Information Classification Cont…
Information Protection Environment
 Getting started: questions to ask
• Is there an executive sponsor for this project?
• What are you trying to protect, and from what?
• Are there any regulatory requirements to consider?
• Has the business accepted ownership responsibilities for the data?
 Policy
• An essential tool in establishing a data classification scheme
• Define information as an asset of the business unit
• Declare local business managers as the owners of information
• Establish IT as the custodians of corporate information
• Clearly define roles and responsibilities of those involved in the ownership
and classification of information
• Define the classifications and criteria that must be met for each
• Determine the minimum range of controls to be established for each
classification

27. Information Classification Cont…
 Risk Analysis
 Identify major functional areas of information
 Analyze the classification requirements
 Determine the risk associated
 Determine the effect of loss
 Build a table
 Establishing classifications
 Public: information that, if disclosed outside the company, would
not harm the organization, its employees, customers, or business
partners.
 Internal Use Only: information that is not sensitive to disclosure
within the organization, but could harm the company if disclosed
externally.
 Company Confidential: sensitive information that requires “need-
toknow” before access is given

28. Information Classification Cont…
 Defining roles and responsibilities
 Information owner - A business executive or business
manager who is responsible for a company business
information asset
 Information custodian - The information custodian, usually an
information technology or operations person, is the system
administrator or operator for the Information Owner, with
primary responsibilities dealing with running the program for
the owner and backup and recovery of the business
information
 Application owner - Manager of the business unit who is fully
accountable for the performance of the business function
served by the application
 User manager - The immediate manager or supervisor of an
employee

29. Information Classification Cont…
 Defining roles and responsibilities
 Security administrator - Any company employee who owns an
“administrative” user ID that has been assigned attributes or
privileges that are associated with any type of access control
system
 Security analyst - Person responsible for determining the data
security directions (strategies, procedures, guidelines) to
ensure information is controlled and secured based on its
value, risk of loss or compromise, and ease of recoverability
 Change control analyst - Person responsible for analyzing
requested changes to the Information Technology
infrastructure and determining the impact on applications
 Data analyst - This person analyzes the business
requirements to design the data structures and recommends
data definition standards and physical platforms

30. Information Classification Cont…
► Defining roles and responsibilities
 Solution provider - Person who participates in the solution
(application) development and delivery processes in
deploying business solutions
 End user - Any employee, contractor, or vendor of the
company who uses information systems resources as part of
their job
 Process owner - This person is responsible for the
management, implementation, and continuous improvement
of a process that has been defined to meet a business need
 Product line manager - Person responsible for understanding
business requirements and translating them into product
requirements, working with the vendor/user area

31. Information Classification Cont…
 Identifying owners
 The proper owner must be from the business
 Senior management support is a key success factor
 Information owners must be given the necessary authority
 Classifying information and applications
 Collect the metadata about their business functions
 Review the definitions for the information classifications
 Ongoing monitoring
 Ensure compliance with policy and established procedures
 periodically review the data to ensure they are still
appropriately classified

32. Policies, Procedures, Standards, Baselines
 Policy - An information security policy contains senior
management’s directives to create an information security
program, establish its goals, measures, and target and assign
responsibilities
 Standards - Standards are mandatory activities, actions, rules,
or regulations designed to provide policies with the support
structure and specific direction they require to be meaningful
and effective
 Procedures - Procedures spell out the step-by-step specifics of
how the policy and the supporting standards and guidelines will
actually be implemented in an operating environment
 Guidelines - Guidelines are more general statements designed
to achieve the policy’s objectives by providing a framework
within which to implement controls not covered by procedures

33. The Policy Chart

34. Awareness Program
 Security policies, standards, procedures, baselines, and
guidelines
 Threats to physical assets and stored information
 Threats to open network environments
 Laws and regulations they are required to follow
 Specific organization or department policies they are required
to follow
 How to identify and protect sensitive (or classified)
information
 How to store, label, and transport information
 Who they should report security incidents to, regardless of
whether it is just a suspected or an actual incident
 Email/Internet policies and procedures
 Social engineering

35. Implementation (Delivery) Options
 Posters
 Posting motivational and catchy slogans
 Videotapes
 Classroom instruction
 Computer-based delivery, such as CD-ROM, DVD, intranet
access, Web-based access, etc.
 Brochures/flyers
 Pens/pencils/keychains (any type of trinket) with motivational
slogans
 Post-it notes with a message on protecting the Information
Technology system
 Stickers for doors and bulletin boards

36. Implementation (Delivery) Options Cont…
 Cartoons/articles published monthly or quarterly in an in-
house newsletter or specific department notices
 Special topical bulletins (security alerts in this instance)
 Monthly email notices related to security issues or email
broadcasts of security advisories
 Security banners or pre-logon messages that appear on the
computer monitor
 Distribution of items as an incentive

37. ?