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3. The aft perpendicular is the after side of the rudder coast.

4. The center of the rudder stem if there is no rudder coast.

6. It is the measurement of the under water from the water line to the bottom of the keel that is called draft of the vessel.

7. It is the important part of the ship, the draught of the ship will be measured where the maximum portion of the hull is in water.

9. It is also called beam. Beam is the maximum breadth or width of the vessel.

10. Generally the beam of a ship fishing vessel will be toward the mid ship.

13. The Keel is located in the center line of the bottom structure, which often said to be backbone of the ship.

14. This contribute substantially to the longitudinally strength and effectively distribute local loading caused when docking the ship.

15. The commonest form of the keel is that known as the flat plate keel and this is fitted in the majority of ocean going and other vessels.

16. A form of keel found on smaller vessels known as bar keel.

19. The space between the bottoms is for the storage to fuel, or ballast water.

20. Double bottom design ships are safer than single bottom.

21. A double bottom hull design the second layer extends up to the side of the ship and in the bottom.

23. When facing the star board side is on the right hand and port side is on the left.

24. The curved shape of the ships is called the bow and the curved shapes after part is called as amid ship.

25. When a ship is float or in the water line it divides the size into ships side above the water line and bottom below it.

26. These terms are used in general way for example: Painting ship site.

27. The continuous horizontal surface of a ship is called decks.

29. Aft all bulk heads.

31. One outer layer forming the normal hull of the ship and second inner hull which is somewhat higher in the ship perhaps a few feet.

32. The space between the bottoms is for the storage for fuel, or ballast water.

33. Double bottom design ships are safer than single bottom.

34. A double bottom hull design the second layer extends up to the side of the ship and in the bottom.

36. A part of its always submerged below the water surface depending upon its weight.

37. If the water level goes above the plimsol line it is considered dangerous and the ship sinks.

38. It is a line of mark on a ship’s hull indicating the maximum safe draft.

39. It is a mark on the hull of ship that shows where the water line is when the ship is at full capacity.

40. The official name is by the International load line and it is painted on each of the vessel.

41. The symbol is also international load line of plimsol line marks and it shows the level to which the ships can be safely loaded.

42. The plimsol line shows how know or high the ship is resting in water.

43. It is also called load line or International load line.

44. The level of the ship is the water attended by temperature and salinity as well as load and so different levels are shown with code letters to indicate the type of water.

45. It is marked amid ship on each side of vessel.

46. The plimsol line helps as to determine whether the ships have been over loaded.

47. The plimsol line mark was introduced in great Brittan through MS act, 1875 and soon found world wide acceptance.

49. The bottom shell may be transversely or longitudinally framed.

50. The side shell framing may also be transversely or longitudinally framed, transverse framing being adopted in many conventionally cargo ships, particularly where the maximum bale capacity is required Longitudinal framing may be adopted in larger container ships and larger bulk carriers, and it is common within the hopper and topside wing tanks of the latter vessels.

51. Transverse frames are then fitted at the side shell between the hopper and topside tanks.

52. Ocean – going tankers have a longitudinally framed bottom shell and deck through the tank spaces.

54. Longitudinal frames are usually numbered from the deck downwards to the keel.

56. Let us now describe the movements of a seaman who is returning to his ship, the ship in which he is borne.

57. If he arrives by boat be goes up an accommodation ladder which is secured outboard, he comes over the side and he is then on board.

58. If the ship is lying against a dock wall it is alongside and the seaman crosses a brow (fore head) from the dock to the ship and he is then on board and on deck, or on board and between deck if the brow leads into the ship below the weather deck; in either case he is inboard the moment he come over the side.

59. Having reported his return, he then goes below by a ladder which given access to the deck below through an opening in the deck called a hatch.

61. The ensign staff is right aft and the jack (devise for raising heavy objects) staff right forward.

62. A hatch is amid ships.

63. Amidships describes the position roughly in the middle of the ship; it also describes any position on the fore and aft line.

64. Mid ships is used when defining an object: for example, the mid ship hatch is either the one that is in middle of the ship or, if there are two more hatches, that which is nearest the middle .

66. The center line divides the ship into port and starboard, while the ship’s sides give an inboard and outboard position.

67. For example, a ship is carrying three boats; one is swing outboard to port, the other two are stowed inboard to starboard.

68. When comparing the position of the two boats stowed on the starboard side, the black boat can be described as lying inboard of the white boat, or the white boat outboard of the black.

69. The white boat can also be described as the ship’s side boat and the black boat as the mid ship boat.

71. He uses the same expressions for shifting an object; thus he may shift something aft, or farther forward, to port or starboard, or nearer the ship’s side.

72. The terms inboard and outboard should not be used to describe the movement athwart ships.

73. The following terms are used to describe how an object is moved:

74. To launch is to drag or heave an object along.

75. To lift and launch is to drag or heave an object and then to heave it along.

76. To fleet is to shift an object a short distance.

77. To ship is to place an object in its proper position.

79. It is the measurement of the under water from the water line to the bottom of the keel that is called draft of the vessel.

80. It is the important part of the ship, the draught of the ship will be measured where the maximum portion of the hull is in water.

82. Damage control watches officers.

83. Boiler watches.

85. Helmsman.

89. That particular department is called deck department.

90. The captain or the master of the ship of in charge of the ship.

91. He is not only responsible for the safe navigation of the vessel but also the discipline of the ship, and also safety of passenger, crew and cargo.

92. The captain is assisted by first mate, second mate and third mate.

93. The first mate is the right hand man to the captain.

94. He is the second in command.

95. He oversees all the cargo planning, assist during navigation, allocated duties, work.

96. For the maintenance and upkeep of the ship to the deck carders and deck crew ensures that discipline is maintained.

97. The second mate assists the first mate in charge of checking all the mails and keeping the navigational equipments and charts in good condition and also assist in navigation watch at sea and cargo watch at part.

98. The third mate is responsible for keeping safe, equipment, life boats, life raft, FFA and signaling equipment in top condition.

99. The deck department has other staff with specific duties called “RATING”.

101. The main personnel in the department is the chief engineer who ensures save and economic running of engines, spar parts of the main engine, boilers, electrical, refrigeration and sanitary equipment, deck machinery and steam connection aboard the ship.

103. A chief steward heads a large team of steward, bakers, mess man, etc.

105. The fibers are used in fishing and textile industries for making twines and ropes, on a very large scale.

106. Most of the fibers are slender and relatively strong and they stretch when a load is applied.

108. That is either from plants or from animals.

109. Plant fiber are cotton, manila, sisal, etc .

110. Animals fibers are wool, hair etc.

112. Each pod contains about 10,000 fibers.

113. The color of the fiber is dull white and length varies from 0.01 to 0.02mm.

115. These fibers are long jute.

116. Jute is the important bast fiber.

117. It is yellowish brown in color.

120. Manila is leaf fiber and obtained from a plant called abaca, grown in manila (Philippines).

121. The color is golden yellow.

122. Sisal fiber is another leaf fiber grown in India.

124. The fiber length varies from 15 to 25cm.

126. They are grouped in many ways.

128. Manufactured without the help of fibers forming raw materials either of vegetables or animal origin.

129. These are produced by synthetic the scientific and technical term by the chemical process by which the chemical element or simple basic substance are combined an built up to form a complete new and complicated chemical having new properties.

130. The commonly used polymers used are polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyester (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

131. The above these materials are used for making netting twins and ropes and they are called fishing gear materials.

132. They are used in textile industry and they are called textile materials.

134. They rot (decay).

135. Specific gravity is more.

136. Less resistance to abrasion.

137. They are easily affected by acids, alkaline, salts and oils.

138. They do not have sufficient breaking strength.

140. Physical.

141. Chemical.

142. Biological.

143. The synthetic fibers have sufficient breaking strength.

144. They have more resistance to abrasion.

145. They are having more elastic properties.

146. The synthetic fibers do not absorb water and as a results it becomes light and easier to handle.

147. On wetting, synthetic fiber do not shrink.

150. A central wire surrounded by six wires and over which another layer of twelve wires are laid.

151. This is the ordinary construction.

152. Another type of construction used in fishing is “seale”.

154. Black when the individual wires are ungalvanised and the other is galvanized.

156. The 6 X 19 construction is written as 12/6/1.

157. This means that the wire rope is 6 strand constructions and in each strand 12 wires are laid over 6 wires.

158. In the seale construction it is indicated as 6 X 9 (9/9/1).

162. The rope is then pulled from the reel.

164. Before lubrication, the sowed in the rope should be removed.Handling of Man – made cordage and Vegetable fibers:<br /> <br />