2. 1. The age of social change
•Influence of French Revolution- new ideas of rights,
freedom, democracy
•‗Liberals‘ or Radicals demanded a complete transformation
of society
•But ‗Conservatives‘ , not.
•‗Liberals‘: wanted: a)a nation , not an empire- which
tolerate all religions.
• b) opposed uncontrolled power of dynasties.
• c) rights to citizens, elected govt.
• But they were not democrats: not believed in UAF- (only
to land lords, and not to women)
•Radicals: a nation based on majority- supported woman's
suffrage ( suffragette)- opposed privileges to the
landlords- not against private property.
• ‗Conservatives‘: (opposed both Lib. and Rad.)- against
changes- no revolutionabdul shumz kv kanjikode 2
3. Industrial society and social changes:
Industrialization- New cities-
railways-
Factories- men and women- low
wages-long work hours- exploitation-
housing and sanitation problems-
benefits only to industrialists – not to
workers- Liberals demanded
changes: freedom, encouraged
revolutions-
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 3
4. A new new set of ideas – against
private property- welfare of the
people- control of society and not
individuals- collective social interests.
Different visions: 1) idea of co
operatives. [ Robert Owen, USA- a
community: New Harmony in
Indiana] & [Louis Blanc, France]
Karl Marx.
Coming of Socialism to Europe
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 4
5. Karl Marx and Friederich Engels: against
‗Capitalists‘- against private property-
-a Communist society -
Karl Marx
Activity: List 2 differences between:
capitalist and socialist ideas or private
property.
Support for socialism : new ideas- to
co ordinate, formed, Second
International.
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 5
6. Workers of England & Germany
formed associations- 1) set up funds
to help members-2) demanded
reduction of work hrs-
3) right to vote.
These associations , in Germany
worked with Social Democratic Party
Labor party in Britain (1905)
Socialist party in France.
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 6
7. Pre-Revolutionary Russia
Only true autocracy
left in Europe
No type of
representative
political institutions
Nicholas II became
tsar in 1884
Believed he was the
absolute ruler
appointed by God
Russo-Japanese War
(1904) – defeat led to
pol. instability
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 7
9. People:
Farmers- Agriculture- 85% of population-
Russia was a major exporter of food grains
Industries : 2 cities- St. Petersburg &
Moscow.- many factories
Railways-
Crafts men, factory workers
31% factory workers were women-paid
less than half-
Workers formed associations. Started
strike work-
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 9
10. In villages: peasants- farming
Nobles, powerful land owners-
Often clashes and killings- no rent
payment-
Russian peasants pooled their land
together and their commune
divided it according to the need of
families.
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 10
11. Socialism in Russia.
All parties banned in 1914.
Russian Social Democratic Workers Party,
1898, operated illegal actions – mobilized
workers- strikes- a newspaper.
Socialists formed a party: S Rev. Party,
1900- struggled for peasants rights- to
transfer land to peasants-
Party was divided 2- Mensheviks: open to all
Bolsheviks: by VI Lenin- disciplined &
controled number, quality of members.
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 11
12. The 1905 Revolution
Russian autocracy- no respect to
parliament-
Democrats and revolutionaries demanded
a constitution- supported by nationalists &
Muslim dominated areas by Jadidists-.
1904– rose in price- less wages- 4 workers
dismissed- strike by 110,000 at St.
Petersburg-demands: 8 hrs work, wages-
better working conditions.
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 12
13. The Revolution of 1905
Rapid growth of
(discontented) working
class
Vast majority of workers
concentrated in St.
Petersburg and Moscow
Little help from the
countryside:
impoverished peasants –
Populist Movements of
the 1870s and later had
done little to improve
their lot
– No individual land
ownership
– Rural Famine
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 13
14. Procession led by Father Gapon,
attacked by police at winter palace- 100
workers killed- 300 wounded- known as
‗Bloody Sunday‘.
Started series of events- known as:
1905 Revolution.
Strikes everywhere- unive. closed.
Middle class, lawyers, doct, engr,
demanded a constituent assembly.
Tsar allowed to form parliament: Duma
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 14
15. After 1905 all unions banned-
severe restrictions-
after 75 days Duma was
dismissed- formed 2 Duma-
changed voting laws- filled
with more conservatives- no
questioning- no liberals/
revolutionaries.
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 15
16. First World War 1914- 2 Alliances-
Germany, Austria &
Turkey[central power]
France , Birtain &
Russia and later Italy.
Global , fought out of
europe.
Tsar didn’t consult
Duma
Anti German feeling
St. Petersburg
(german name)
renamed as Petrograd.
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 16
17. Tsarina Alexandra
was a German
Rasputin, a monk
and advisor to
king, made the
autocracy
unpopular.
Till 1916 faced
defeats from
Germany- 7 million
died 1914.
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 17
18. Alexandra: The Power Behind the
Throne
Even more blindly
committed to
autocracy than her
husband
She was under the
influence of Rasputin
Origins of Rasputin’s
power - ?
Scandals surrounding
Rasputin served to
discredit the
monarchyabdul shumz kv kanjikode 18
19. 3 million refugees
Destruction of crops and buildings
Soldiers hesitated to fight.
Able bodied were recruited to
army
so labour shortages
Industries collapsed
Shortage of food grains
High price
1916, riots for bread.
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 19
20. conditions deteriorated,
rev. became possible,
esp. w/ Lenin‘s
involvement
he had gravitated
towards the Social Dem.
Workers‘ Party of George
Plekhanov – they believed
in dialectical materialism
and thus favoured
modernization/capitalism
(which the czars also
favoured as a measure to
catch up w/ the w.
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 20
21. Conservatism Continues:
1905-1917
Tsar paid no
attention to the
Duma; it was
harassed and
political parties
suppressed –
only token land
reform was
passed
Nicholas was
personally a very
weak man; he
became
increasingly
remote as a ruler
Numerous soviets
thus began to
appearabdul shumz kv kanjikode 21
22. World War I: ―The Last Straw‖
War revealed the
ineptitude and
arrogance of the
country’s
aristocratic elite
Corrupt military
leadership had
contempt for
ordinary Russian
people
Average
peasants had
very little
invested in the
Warabdul shumz kv kanjikode 22
23. World War I (cont)
ill-trained, ineffective
officers, poorly equipped
(Russ. was not ready for
ind. war) – the result
was mass desertions and
2 million casualties by
1915
Result: Chaos and
Disintegration of the
Russian Army
Battle of Tannenberg
(August, 1914) –
massive defeat at hands
of Hindenburg and Ger.
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 23
24. The Collapse of the Imperial
Government
Nicholas left for the
Front—September, 1915
Alexandra and Rasputin
throw the government
into chaos
Alexandra and other
high government officials
accused of treason
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 24
25. The Collapse of the Imperial
Government (cont)
Rasputin assassinated in
December of 1916
Complete
mismanagement of the
wartime economy
ind. production
plummeted, inflation and
starvation were rampant,
and the cities were
overflowing w/ refugees
they became a hotbed for
pol. activism, and this
was ignited by serious
food shortages in March
1917, esp. in St.
Petersburgabdul shumz kv kanjikode 25
26. The Two Revolutions of 1917
The March
Revolution
(March 12)
The November
Revolution
(November 6)
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 26
27. The March
Revolution
Origins: Food riots/strikes
Duma declared itself a
Provisional Government on
March12
Tsar ordered soldiers to
intervene; instead they
joined the rebellion…the
Tsar thus abdicated on
March 17
the Menshevik Alexander
Kerensky headed the
Provisional Government,
along w/ Prince Lvov
– Very Popular Revolution
– Kerensky favoured gradual
socialist reform/ saw the war
effort as #1 priority
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 27
28. Kornilov Affair
General Kornilov
attempted to
overthrow Provisional
Government with
military takeover
To prevent this
takeover, Kerensky
freed many Bolshevik
leaders from prison
and supplied arms to
many revolutionaries
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 28
29. The Petrograd Soviet
leftists in St.
Petersburg formed the
Petrograd Soviet,
which they claimed to
be the legit. gov’t
Ger. was aware of the
Russ. situation and
began to concentrate
on the W. Front
Ger. even played a role
in returning Lenin to
Russia, so he could
foment rev.
– Having been
granted “safe
passage”, Lenin
returned in Aprilabdul shumz kv kanjikode 29
30. Soviet Political Ideology
More radical and
revolutionary than
the Provisional
Government
Most influenced by
Marxist socialism
Emulated western
socialism
Two Factions
-- ―Mensheviks‖
-- ―Bolsheviks‖
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 30
31. Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir Lenin
His Early Years
--Exiled to Siberia in 1897
Committed to Class Struggle
and Revolution
Moved to London in 1902
and befriended Leon Trotsky
What is to be Done?
– vanguard is required to lead
the rev. (thus rev. from
above) this split the SDWP
in 2
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 31
32. Lenin Steps into This Vacuum
Amnesty granted to all political
prisoners in March of 1917
Lenin’s arrival in Petrograd
A tremendously charismatic
personality
“Peace, Land, Bread”
“All Power to the Soviets”
He preached that the war was a
capitalist/imperialist war that
offered no rewards for the
peasants/workers; he also felt
the war was over w/ the czar’s
abdication
Bolshevik party membership
exploded; their power was
consolidated
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 32
33. Lenin formed the
Military-Revolutionary
Council and in May
1917 he urged the Pet.
Soviet to pass Army
Order # 1
–This gave control of
the army to the
common soldiers;
discipline thus
collapsed, and
Kerensky was
undermined
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 33
34. The November Revolution
Nov. 6, 1917…
this was the ideological
aspect of the rev., w/ the
coup itself planned by Leon
Trotsky, who had gained the
confidence of the army (=
the “Red Miracle”)
Lenin went on to consolidate
his power in Jan. 1918 when
he disbanded the
Constituent Assembly (had
replaced the Duma) – the
Bolsheviks had not gained a
majority there in late Nov.
elections - Russ. dem. thus
terminated a Council of
People’s Commissars was
created
All private property was
abolished and divided among
the peasantry
Largest industrial
enterprises nationalizedabdul shumz kv kanjikode 34
35. November Revolution (cont)
Political Police
organized: CHEKA
Revolutionary
army created with
Trotsky in charge
= “Red Army”
Bolshevik Party
renamed
Communist Party
in March of 1918
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 35
36. November Revolution (cont)
Lenin’s 1st task was to
get Russia out of the war
so he could concentrate
on internal reform…
The Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk negotiated with
the Germans, giving them
much Russian territory,
population, and
resources
Civil War followed, 1917-
1920
“Reds” versus “Whites”
Complete breakdown of
Russian economy and
society
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 36
37. Interpreting the Russian Revolution
The official Marxist
interpretation
The importance of a
permanent international
revolution
Function of Russian
History and Culture
Imposed Revolution on
an unwilling victim
A Social Revolution…
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 37