This document provides details about an internship report submitted by Abhinandini Das to the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) regarding air quality monitoring and analysis. It includes sections on the objectives of the internship, an introduction to DPCC and its roles, ambient air quality standards, methods of ambient air monitoring including manual and continuous online monitoring, and plans to analyze data on various air pollutants collected from monitoring stations in Delhi. Tables, figures and graphs are provided to illustrate the monitoring instruments and locations as well as preliminary data on particulate matter and other pollutants collected from March to May 2016.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...
ABHI REPORT
1. 1
SUMMER INTERSHIP REPORT
on
AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND ANALYSIS
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
(2016)
Submitted to Submitted by
(SCIENTIST .D) Abhinandini Das
AIR LAB, DPCC Regd.No.-00920705613
Jaffarpur, New Delhi -110073
2. 2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Abhinandini Das (00920705613) ,7th
semester Environmental
Engineering student of Ch.Brahm Prakash Govt. Engineering College has worked on
summer internship project titled“AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND ANALYSIS” in
Delhi Pollution Control Committee in a satisfactory manner.
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment towards Bachelor’s degree in
Environmental Engineering as prescribed by IP University .
This is her original work to the best of my knowledge.
Date:
3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to DELHI POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE for giving me the
opportunity to do my summer internship. I would like to offer my sincere thanks to
DR.M.P GEORGE for helping me to complete my summer training which is an
integral part of the curriculum in B.Tech programme at the Ch.Brahm Prakash Govt.
Engineering College , Delhi.
I would also like to take this opportunity to express heartful gratitude MR. S.K
PAL(SCIENTIST.B) and MR.P.B MESHRAM ( SCIENTIST.B). And to the entire team
of DPCC for their patient co-operation and willingness to answer all my queries and
provided me with valuable inputs at critical stage.
I would like to acknowledge the support of every individual who assisted me in
making this project a success and I would like to thank Shilpi Singh, Nikki
Choudhary,Aakanksha Sharma and Mr. Atul Dwivedifor their guidance , support and
direction without which project would not have taken shape.
I am also very thankful to my parents for providing continous guidance and
wholehearted support throughout the training .
I am also very thankful to the staff of Environmental Engineering Department for
corporating with us during the course of my training.
Abhinandini Das
(00920705613)
4. 4
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DPCC Delhi Pollution Control Committee
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
NGT National Green Tribunal
NCT National Capital Territory
MOEF Ministry of Environment ,Forests and climate Change
RSPM Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
PM Particulate Matter
SODAR Sonic Detection And Ranging
GIS Geographical Information System
EPM Enterprise Project Management
AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
NAAQs National Ambient Air Quality Standards
TEOM Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance
UV Ultra Violet
mg Mili Gram
nm Nano Metre
µg Micro Gram
5. 5
CONTENTS
Sr. No. Title Page No.
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Objective
4. Ambient Air Quality
4.1 Ambient Air Monitoring
4.1.1 Manual Method
4.1.2 Contionous Online Monitoring Method
4.2 Stack Monitoring
5. Data Colections and Observations
6. Results and Conclusions
7. References
6. 6
CONTENTS
List of Tables
Sr.No. Title Page No.
1. National Ambient Air Quality Standards
2. Conentration of PM2.5 and PM10 in various
places of Delhi
3. Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 (R.K Puram)
(i) March-2016
(ii) April-2016
(iii) May-2016
4. Data of 6 other parametres (R.K Puram)
(i) March-2016
(ii) April-2016
(iii) May-2016
5. Details of Stack Monitoring
List of Figures
Fig.No. Title Page No.
1. Environment Dust Monitor Instrument
2. Description about open path
3. Instruments of Open Path Monitoring station
4. Filter box
5. Online Monitoring at Civil Line Station
6. Open Path Monitoring Instrument(Receiver)
7. Punjabi Bagh West Monitoring Station
8. Metreological Instruments
9. Instrument for measuring SO2
10. UV Fluorescence of SO2 Analyser
11. CO Monitoring Instrument
12. CO Analyser System
13. Cyclic Mode of Chemiluminescent analyser
14. Dual Mode of Chemiluminescent analyser
15. O3 Measuring Instrument
16. O3 Source and Dilution System
7. 7
17. Online Monitoring at Punjabi Bagh Station
18. PM2.5 Measuring Instrument
19. PM10 Measuring Instrument
20. No. of Duct Diametre and Upstream of flow Disturbances
21. Positions of Sampling Port in Circular Chimney
22. Delhi Continous Monitoring Stations
23. S-type Pitot Tube and Inclined Manometre
24. Sampling For Particulate Matter
List of Graphs
Graph No. Title Page No.
1. PM1 Concentration in various Places of Delhi
2. PM2.5 Concentration in various places of Delhi
3. PM10 Concentration in various places of Delhi
4. PM2.5 and PM10 concentration (R.K Puram)
(i) March-2016
(ii) April-2016
(iii) May-2016
5. Data of 6 other parametres
(i) March-2016
(ii) April-2016
(iii) May-2016
6. Concentration of CO from March-May,2016
7. Concentration of O3 from March-May,2016
8. Concentration of NO2 from March-May,2016
9. Concentration of NH3 from March-May,2016
10. Concentration of SO2 from March-May,2016
11. Concentration of Benzene from March-May,2016
8. 8
ABSTRACT
This report is based on Environment protection and DPCC role in doing the needful.
Also gives a brief idea on air quality monitoring and analysis. The environment of
Delhi has grown complex because of air pollution. Many methods are being used to
continuously monitor the air around us. The main aim is to reduce the pollution and
protect the environment. While working with DPCC I came across many
technologies and methods that are being used to deal with the ambient air quality.
The method of monitoring and the way of controlling the air quality is worth to be
discussed.
In my study to understand the monitoring methods and analyzing them is the
important part. In my study, I analyzed the role of DPCC in maintaining the quality
of air which helped everyone to sustain in such environment.
As a part of air monitoring and analysis process, many articles, notices, circulars,
guidelines, newspapers regarding these were read. A basic understanding of the role
of DPCC, environment protection, ambient air quality, monitoring and controlling,
issues and effects related to the practices for sustaining in Delhi were read. Official
and third party websites were scanned to extract data on Environment and air of
Delhi. Various research papers and manuals were read. Simultaneously many latest
circulars, notifications and laws relating to the environment and air were checked
from CPCB, EPA, and NGT websites. After getting the overall background
knowledge about monitoring and analysis process, the responses of DPCC employees
helped me in knowing the developing methods to cope with present scenario.
9. 9
INTRODUCTION
About DPCC
Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) is an autonomous regulatory body
came into existence on 1991 after Notification of Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB), which delegated all its powers and functions to DPCC.
DPCC acts as a regulatory body in respect of NCT of Delhi for implementation of
various Environmental / Pollution Control Laws enacted by the Parliament and
notified by MOEF, Govt. of India.
Advise the Delhi Government on any matter concerning prevention and
control of water and air pollution and improvement of the quality of air.
Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water
and air pollution and the measures devised for their effective prevention,
control or abatement.
Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of
sewage and trade effluents as well as for stack gas cleaning devices, stacks and
ducts.
Lay down standards for treatment of sewage and trade effluents and for
emissions from automobiles, industrial plants, and any other polluting source.
Develop reliable and economically viable methods of treatment of sewage,
trade effluent and air pollution control equipment.
Assess the quality of ambient water and air, and inspect wastewater treatment
installations, air pollution control equipment, industrial plants or
manufacturing process to evaluate their performance and to take steps for the
prevention, control and abatement of air and water pollution.
Green category of industries and orange category of industries are decided by
the committee.
Green category of industries are declared as 2(a)
Orange category of industries where there is no requirement of emission
control system /effluent treatment plant / sewage treatment plan declared as
2(b).
Orange category of industries where there is requirement of emission control
system/ effluent treatment plant / sewage treatment plan declared as 2(c)
Orange category of industries of potentially high polluting require installation
of sewage treatment plant declared as 2(d)
10. 10
Air and Noise Lab:
Matters related to Operation and Maintenance of Continuous Ambient Air
Monitoring Network.
Noise monitoring and analysis of the data generated by Noise Monitoring
Network
Matters related to GIS Project
Collection, maintenance and analysis of the data generated from Continuous
Ambient Air Monitoring Network.
All research project and development project / studies related to air quality /
emission / fuel quality / solid waste / chemical etc.
11. 11
OBJECTIVE
The report discusses the various aspects of air quality monitoring such as, location
where monitoring should be carried out and the various techniques of monitoring.
The objective of the report is to determine ambient air quality that involves
measurement of a number of air pollutants at number of locations in the city so as to
meet objectives of the monitoring.
Any air quality monitoring network thus involves selection of pollutants, selection of
locations, frequency, and duration of sampling, sampling techniques.
The ambient air quality monitoring and stack monitoring involves measurement of
a number of air pollutants at number of locations in the Delhi so as to meet
objectives of the monitoring.
The monitoring and analysis was done upon the type of pollutants in the atmosphere
through various common sources, called common urban air pollutants, such as
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
(RSPM), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Carbon Monoxide
(CO) etc.
After this we analyzed concentration of various pollutants in the atmosphere on the
daily basis through the graphs and we have also found out their correlation with each
other.
12. 12
4. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
The ambient air quality objectives/standards are pre-requisite for developing
program for effective management of ambient air quality and to reduce the
damaging effects of air pollution. The objectives of air quality standards are: -
• To indicate the levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety to
protect the public health, vegetation and property.
• To assist in establishing priorities for abatement and control of pollutant level.
• To provide uniform yardstick for assessing air quality at national level
• To indicate the need and extent of monitoring program.
Dispersion of air pollutants
Air pollutants show short term, seasonal and long term variations. The mean
transport wind velocity, turbulence and mass diffusion are three important and
dominant mechanisms in the air pollutant dispersal. Meteorology plays a major role
in study of air pollution. Wind direction has an important role in distributing and
dispersing pollutants from stationary and mobile sources in horizontally long
downwind areas. The wind speed is the measure of horizontal motion of wind relative
to the surface of earth per unit time. It determines the travel time from a source to a
given receptor while on the other causes dilution of pollutants in downwind
direction. The stronger the wind, the greater will be the dissipation and dilution of
pollutants emitted. Knowledge of the frequency distribution of wind direction as well
as wind speed is essential for accurate estimation of the dispersion of pollutants in
the atmosphere. The frequency distribution of wind speed and direction varies
considerably from month to month.
4.1 AMBIENT AIR MONITORING
The way of monitoring the pollutants dispersed into the atmosphere. The pollutants
such as CO, O3, NOX, SOX and Hydrocarbons concentration are measured and
monitored to control their dispersion.
Purpose of siting the monitoring stations
So that air quality standards can compliance
To evaluate the impact of the air pollution sources
13. 13
To evaluate the impact of hazards due to accidental release of chemicals
To be used for further research process
Characteristics for ambient air sampling methods
Collection efficiency
Sample stability
Recovery
Minimal interference
Understanding the mechanism of collection
This is done by 2 main methods:-
1) Manual Method
2) Continuous Online Monitoring Method
a) Open Path Method
b) Conventional Method
4.1.1 MANUAL METHOD
DPCC uses manual method to monitor the ambient air quality by using Environment
Dust Monitor instrument which works on the light scattering technique. At major
27places of Delhi, the manual collection of data takes place. The instrument collects
the data for 10minutes.
Within a month DPCC completes the data collection process. And this process gets
repeated every month.
14. 14
Fig1: Environment Dust Monitor Instrument
4.1.2. CONTINOUS ONLINE MONITORING METHOD
A. OPEN PATH
It measures a range of pollutants based on absorption of light beam i.e. Infra Ray
which is transmitted over distances of upto several kms from the detectors. The
sensors record the average concentration simultaneously for a number of pollutants
over full measured distance rather than at specific point. The measured results will
therefore be lower than those at some points along the path and higher that at others.
15. 15
Fig 2: Source: Civil Line Monitoring Station
1. Criteria for SO2 Measurements
Sources of SO2 include domestic emissions from fossil fuel burning, industrial
emissions and diesel vehicles. The station should be located where populations are
large and where pollution levels are high. Actual number of stations in any specific
area depends on local factors such as meteorology, topography, resources available
etc.
2. Criteria for NO2 Measurements
NO2 is formed in the atmosphere by reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with ozone and
hydrocarbons (HC). Thus high NO2levels are expected at locations where NO, ozone
and hydrocarbons levels are high. Generally areas with high population and traffic
are chosen for measuring NO2.
3. Criteria for RSPM/PM10 Measurements
One of the major sources of RSPM are vehicles especially diesel vehicles. Site for
measuring RSPM should be located where number of such vehicle is high. Industrial
sources such as combustion processes also contribute to ambient RSPM levels and
RSPM measurements should also be conducted near such industrial activities.
16. 16
4. Criteria for SPM Measurements
The major sources of SPM include soil borne dust, dust originating from construction
activities, re suspension of dust etc. In general the site for selecting stations for SPM
should be located at areas where vehicle density is high and where high levels of
SPM are expected.
5. Criteria for CO Measurements
CO is emitted from vehicles and its measurement should be conducted near traffic
intersections, highways, commercial areas with high traffic density. Generally areas
with high population density also have high vehicles and higher CO levels and these
areas should also be considered for conducting CO measurements
6. Criteria for Ozone Measurements
Ozone is secondary pollutant and is formed in atmosphere by reactions of other
pollutants such as NO, HC.
Meteorological Measurements
Meteorology plays a significant role in study of air pollution and it is necessary to
measure meteorological parameters. The essential meteorological parameters that
should be measured are wind speed and direction, ambient air temperature, relative
humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure and mixing height.
Anemometer is used to measure velocity of air, wind vane is used to measure wind
direction, precipitation gauge or rain gauge is to measure rainfall and precipitation,
thermometer is used to measure temperature, dry and wet bulb hygrometers is used
to measure humidity in the air. SODAR is used to measure mixing height.
The wind data i.e. speed, direction and intensity are graphically represented by a
diagram called wind rose diagram. Humidity is measured in terms of Relative
Humidity which is the percentage of moisture present in the air, complete saturation
being taken as 100. The greater the “RH” more the air is saturated. The RH below
30% is also unpleasant which can cause, drying of mucous, sore throat and cough.
Moisture indicates the potentiality for fog formation in relation to the degree of air
pollution.
17. 17
Fig3: Source: Civil Line Monitoring Station
Data Handling and Presentation
Air quality depends on the physical characteristics of the area and the site
observations must be recorded so that data interpretation can be easier. Site
observations can be type of area, whether residential, industrial, sensitive or traffic
intersections, distance from nearby sources, whether location is in a market place etc.
The data should be recorded on the prescribed formats. Software programs have been
developed for doing data entry in dBase and analysis is done using FoxPro. The data
presentation should be such that the objectives of monitoring are met. One of the
objectives of monitoring is to determine compliance to NAAQS so 24-hourly average
and annual average should be computed as NAAQS are given for these averages
except for CO where 8 –hourly and 1-hourly averaging should be performed. 98th
percentile should be calculated as the NAAQS states that 24-hourly standard can be
violated 2% of the times but not on two consecutive days.
19. 19
Fig6: Open Path Monitoring Instrument (Receiver)
B.CONVENTIONALMETHOD
MEASUREMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Humidity
The water vapor in our air is called humidity. Since, in general, air is only partially
saturated with water vapor. It is of great interest to determine the relative degree of
saturation which is given in percent of maximum humidity. The hydro-transmitter,
employed for such measurements, measures the relative humidity, displays the data
and simultaneously provides an electrical signal.
Temperature
Hydro-thermo-transmitter - Hydro-thermo-transmitters resemble the hydro
transmitters just described. They are equipped with an additional hard-glass resistor
Pt 100 in the immersion stem. This resistor is suitable for use when long-range
measurements of temperature with high resolutions are required.
20. 20
Fig7: Source: Punjabi Bagh West Monitoring Station
Wind Speed -The combined wind sensor is designed to record wind values and to
convert these values into electrical signals. The signals can be fed into a combined
indicator which presents the wind velocity in a digital form and the wind direction in
an analog form by means of a luminous diode chain.
In order to prevent the formation of ice and frost during winter time use, the sensor
is equipped with an electrical heater, which can be regulated with a thermostat.
Wind Direction -measured by the Wind Vane - Install the wind vane in the same
manner as the cup. There is no deck plate.
Lightening rod to protect the sensor from destruction caused by lightening. The rod
is placed below the sensor on the mast.
Material: steel, hot dipped galvanized.
Fig8: Source: Punjabi Bagh West Monitoring Station
21. 21
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE -ULTRAVIOLET
FLUORESCENCE METHOD
PRINCIPLE
The UV fluorescence method is based on the fluorescence emission of light bySO2
molecules previously excited by UV radiation.
The first reaction step is:
SO2 + hv1 (UV) SO2
Then in the second step, the excited SO2molecule returns to the original ground
state, emitting energy Hv1 according to the reaction:
SO2+ hv1 (UV)
The intensity of the fluorescent radiation is proportional to the number of
SO2molecules in the detection volume and is therefore proportional to the
concentration of SO2.
Therefore:
F = k [SO2]
Where:
F = is the intensity of fluorescence radiation;
K = is the factor of proportionality;
[SO2] = concentration of SO2
APPARATUS
UV fluorescence Analyzer - for measurement of Sulphur Dioxide in air
The analyzer should be complete with analyzer section, sample pump, detector
amplifier/control section, meter, and recording system. The UV fluorescence
analyzer shall meet the performance specifications as prescribed. The main
components are described below.
Optical Assembly and Fluorescence Cell
An optical filter is used to restrict the wavelengths to a range, which allows excitation
of the SO2molecule and yet minimize the interference of water vapor, aromatic
hydrocarbons or nitric oxide.
The UV detector, for example, the photomultiplier tube, detects the fluorescence
light emitted by the SO2 molecules in the reaction chamber. A selective optical filter
placed in front of the UV detector, reduces the signal due to scattering of the incident
light. The reaction chamber shall be made of material inert to SO2 and UV radiation.
The cell should be heated above the dew point to avoid water condensation, and
temperature fluctuations. The optical trap of the chamber prevents reflection of the
exciting UV radiation. The optical assembly should be placed in a heated enclosure.
22. 22
Flow Rate Controller and Indicator
It is recommended that the flow rate be kept constant by means of a flow controller.
A flow rate indicator should be included in the instrument.
Air Pump
A pump, which draws air through the analyzer, is placed at the end of the sample
flow path. If the use of UV lamp produces ozone, it is recommended to vent this
ozone outside the room and far away from the sampling inlet, or a suitable charcoal
filter may trap it.
REAGENTS AND MATERIALS
Sampling Line
The sampling line and its residence time shall be as short as practical. This line shall
be chemically inert to SO2, such as fluorocarbon polymer or glass. If any doubt exists
as to the inertness of the sampling line, calibration gases must be used to test the
complete sampling train.
Sample Inlet Particulate Matter Filter
The inlet particulate matter filter shall remove particles, which could interfere with
the correct operation of the analyzer. It shall not remove any SO2 and consequently
the filter and its support shall be made from inert material, such as fluorocarbon
polymer.
Zero Air
Zero air used in the calibration of the analyzer should not contain a concentration of
SO2 detectable by the analyzer under calibration. The concentration of O2inthe zero
air shall be within +/-2% of the normal composition of air (20.9%).
23. 23
Fig9: Source: Punjabi Bagh West Monitoring System for SO2
Fig10: UV Fluorescence SO2 Analyzer
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE-NDIR
Principle
Non Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) photometry provides a method of utilizing the
integrated absorption of infra-red energy over most of the spectrum for a given
compound to provide a quantitative determination of the concentration of Carbon
24. 24
Monoxide (CO) in ambient air. The spectrometer measures the absorption by CO at
4.7 mm using two parallel infrared beams through a sample cell, a reference cell and
a selective detector. The detector signal is led to an amplifier control section and the
analyzer output measured on a meter and recording system. Some instruments use
gas filter correlation to compare the IR absorption spectrum between the measured
gas and other gases present in the sample, in a single sample cell. These instruments
utilize a highly concentrated sample of CO as a filter for the IR transmitted through
the sample cell, to yield abeam that cannot be further attenuated by the CO in the
sample and thus acts as a reference beam. The board-band radiation that passes
through the sample cell and the CO filter is filtered again by a narrow-band-pass
filter that allows only the CO-sensitive portion of the band to pass to the detector. The
removal of wavelength sensitive to other gases reduces interferences.
APPARATUS
NDIR Analyzer - for measurement of carbon monoxide in air
The analyzer should be complete with analyzer section, sample pump,
amplifier/control section, meter, and recording system.
Pressure Regulators for the CO Cylinders
A two-stage regulator with inlet and delivery pressure gauges will be required for the
CO calibration standard cylinder. Ensure the cylinders have a non-reactive
diaphragm and suitable delivery pressure.
Flow Controller
The flow controller can be any device (valve) capable of adjusting and regulating the
flow from the calibration standard. If the dilution method is to be used for
calibration, a second device is required for the zero-air. For dilution, the controllers
shall be capable of regulating the flow + 1%.
Flow Meter
A calibrated flow meter capable of measuring and monitoring the calibration
standard flow rate. If, the dilution method is used, a second flow meter is required for
the zero-air flow. For dilution, the flow meters shall be capable of measuring the flow
with an accuracy of + 2%.
25. 25
Fig11: Source: CO Monitoring System at Punjabi Bagh West
Fig12: CO Analyzer System
26. 26
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF OXIDES OFNITROGEN IN AMBIENT AIR BY
CHEMILUMINESCENCE
PRINCIPLE
The measurement method is based upon the rapid chemiluminescent reaction of
nitric oxide (NO) with excess ozone (O3). The reaction is made to take place in a light
free chamber.
NO + O3→ NO2 + O2
K = 1.0 x 107 L mol-1sec-1
A portion of the resultant nitrogen dioxide is produced in a highly excited energy
state (NO2) and subsequently decays to the ground level state emitting light in
abroad frequency band with a peak at about 1200 nm:
NO2→ NO2 + photons (hv)
The intensity of the light emitted is linearly proportional to the nitric oxide
concentration and is measured by a photomultiplier tube.
APPARATUS
Chemiluminescene Instrument - Two basic instrument designs has been developed
for the measurement of total oxides of nitrogen, nitric oxide and the indirect
determination of nitrogen dioxide. In both cases, the determination of NOx (NOx =
NO + NO2) and NO must be accomplished and the nitrogen dioxidecalculated by
subtraction of NO from the NOx. The two instrument configurationsutilize the cyclic
or dual mode of operation.
The cyclic mode instrument has a single reaction chamber and detector. The
incoming sample air is alternatelycycled directly to the reaction chamber to
determine NO, or through theinstrument converter to determine NOx. A normal
cycle, which isapproximately thirty (30) seconds, is accomplished by means of a
timercontrolled solenoid valve. Separate NOx and NO values are determinedevery
thirty seconds. The photomultiplier tube outputs are amplified and stored in memory
circuits. The difference output, nitrogen dioxide, is updatedelectronically after each
cycle and similarly stored. Reorder outputs areavailable for all three measurement
channels, NO, NO2 and NOx.
Converters - For the accurate determination of nitrogen dioxide it is essential that the
instrument converters have a high degree of efficiency (95 %+) for theconversion of
NO2 to NO. The converters employed in commercially availableinstruments are of
two basic types.
Thermal Converters are made of a high grade stainless steel and operate atelevated
temperatures, 600-800o
C. At these temperatures the breakdown of NO2 into NO and
O2 occurs readily. These converters, though adequate forthe breakdown of NO2 to
NO, have the obvious disadvantage of convertingammonia into NO.
Chemical converters are to be found in the majority of chemiluminescence
instruments used for ambient monitoring. These converters have theadvantage of a
27. 27
much lower operating temperature, 200-400o
C, with efficient NO2 conversion.
Molybdenum and carbon converters have been in general use and are available in
commercial instruments.
Recorder - Capable of full-scale display of instrument output voltages.
Air Inlet Filter- A Teflon filter capable of removing all particulate matter greater
than 5 μm in diameter.
Sample Lines- The sample lines and all parts of the instrument that come in contact
with the sample stream should be made of glass, Teflon or stainless steel.
Vacuum Pump - A pump capable of a minimum vacuum of 78kPa.
Zero Air - The air supply must be free of contaminants that would cause a detectable
analyzer response, or react independently with NO.
Fig13: Cyclic Mode Chemiluminescent Analyzer
28. 28
Fig14: Dual Mode Chemiluminescent Analyzer
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF OZONE IN THE ATMOSPHERE BY
ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOMETRIC
PRINCIPLE
The method is based on the photometric assay of ozone (O3) concentrations in a
dynamic flow system. The concentration of O3 is determined in an absorption cell
from the measurement of the amount of light absorbed at a wavelength of254 nm.
The method is based on the absorption coefficient of O3 at 254 nm, the optical path
length through the sample, and the transmittance, temperature and pressure of the
sample. The quantities above are related by the Beer-Lambert absorption law.
Transmittance = e-αc1lo
Where:
α = absorption coefficient of O3 at 254 nm = 310 atm-1 cm-1 at 0o
C and101.3 kPa
e = O3 concentration in units of atmosphere
1 = optical path of absorption cell length in cm
I = intensity of light passing through cell with an ozone sample
Io = intensity of light passing through cell with zero air
29. 29
Typically, an air sample is first directed through a scrubber that removes any
O3present, but otherwise does not affect the sample. The ozone-free sample then
flows through the absorption cell, and its transmittance is measured. This constitutes
the zero cycle. At a present time, solenoid switches and another air sample flows
directly into the absorption cell, bypassing the scrubber and its transmittance is
measured. This constitutes the ozone measurement cycle. The difference in
transmittance between the two cycles is a measure of the O3concentration. The
complete measurement cycle takes about 20 to 30 s.
Microprocessor-controlled electronics perform timing functions, condition the signal
and perform arithmetic operations in commercially available analyzers.
INTERFERENCES
Any gaseous component or fine particle that absorbs or scatters light 254 nm is a
potential interference. Gaseous components normally found in ambient air do not
interfere, and particles are largely removed by the Teflon filter. Specific interference
from nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide has been evaluated and found to be
negligible.
APPARATUS
Ozone Photometric Analyzer - Commercially available, complete with sample pump
and sample flow meter.
All connections to the ozone and analyzer must be constructed of glass, Teflon or
other inert materials
Ultraviolet Photometer- (UV Photometer) are primary standards for determinations
of ozone in air. UV photometers do not contain an ozone scrubber, and are designed
to make pressure and temperature corrections for the measured ozone to standard
conditions (25o
C and 101.3kPa).
Fig 15: O3 Measuring Instrument
30. 30
Ozone Transfer Standard - An ozone analyzer that has been recalibrated against a UV
photometer.
Ozone Source and Dilution System- consists of a quartz tube into which purified air is
introduced and then irradiated with a stable low pressure mercury lamp. The level of
irradiation is controlled by an adjustable metal sleeve that fits around the lamp. At a
fixed level of irradiation and at a constant temperature and humidity, ozone is
produced at a uniform rate.
The dilution system should have a total flow capability of a least 5 l/min. Any
alternative system capable of these outputs is acceptable.
Fig16: O3 Source and Dilution System
Fig 17: Online Monitoring at Punjabi Bagh West Station
32. 32
4.2 STACK MONITORING
Specifications of stack monitoring equipment which are manually being used:
S.NO ITEMS AND EQUIPMENTS SPECIFICATIONS/
APPLICABLE RANGES
1. Stack Velocity Range 0 to 30 m /sec.
For low velocity range
differential pressure should be
done by differential
manometer.
2. Stack Temperature Range 0 to 600o
C
3. Particulate Sampling At 10 to 60 lpm
4. Filter Paper (Thimble) Collection of particulates
down to 0.3 micron
5. Gaseous sampling At 1 to 2 lpm collection on a
set of impinges containing
selective reagents
6. Pitot tube Pitot tube shall be modified “S-
type” fabricated from SS 304
or equivalent grade.
The construction feature shall
be such that the coefficient of
the pitot tube is above 0.95
7. Sampling probe Sampling probe shall be
fabricated from SS 304 tube of
suitable diameter (not less
33. 33
than 15 mm Internal diameter
(ID).
8. Nozzles Nozzles shall be fabricated
with SS 304 or equivalent
material with internal
diameters suitable to cover the
full range of stack
Velocities.
The minimum internal
diameter of the nozzle shall
not be less than 8 mm
9. Heated filter box Heated filter box upto 1300c
with filter holder
10. Thermocouple Capable of measuring
temperature from 0 to 6000C
covered with stainless steel or
mild steel casing with acid
resistant treatment.
11. Mounting flange A pair of male/female flanges
fabricated with mild steel with
proper hole for mounting
thermocouple sensor,
sampling tube and
Pitot tube.
12. Back panel Back panel shall be hinged
door panel of mild steel to
contain cold box with 8-10
impinges
13. Inclined - cum - Vertical
Manometer
It shall be provided with Inlet
and outlet for filling in gauge
fluid and spirit level for
levelling. Velocity range of
the manometer shall be 0 to
30 m/sec.
14. Rota meters 0 to 60 lpm for particulate
monitoring and 0 to 3 lpm for
gaseous monitoring.
15. Impinges Four number 100 ml and four
to six number 225 ml capacity.
34. 34
16. Vacuum pump With a capacity of to 0 to 120
lpm gas flow with single phase
motor, 220 V. The pump shall
also have a moisture trap and
air inlet valve. It shall be
mounted inside pump housing
and shall be portable.
17. Dry gas meter The capacity of the meter
should be adequate to record
upto 60 lpm of airflow and a
minimum readout of 0.001
cubic m.
Moisture determination
The moisture content may be determined either by condenser method or by wet /dry
bulb method temperature and then referring to a suitable psychometric chart.
Latter should be limited to non-acid gas streams with moisture content of less than
15 percent and dew point less than 52o
C. The condenser method works well for most
gas streams and also relative easy to perform.
Condenser method
The condenser method, in principle, involves extracting a sample of the stack gases
through a filter for removal of the particulate matter, then through a condenser,
accumulating the condensate formed in process, and finally through a gas meter.
The object of the test is to collect and measure the volume of all the condensate
formed at the condensing temperature from a measured amount of gas.
Selection of Sampling Site and Minimum Number of Traverse Points
Select the sampling site at any cross section of the stack or duct that is at least eight
stack or duct diameters downstream and two diameters upstream from any flow
disturbance such as bend, expansion, contraction, visible flame, or stack exit.
For rectangular cross section, the larger dimension shall be used to represent the
stack diameter.
1 When the above sampling site criteria can be met, determine the minimum
number of traverse points required, from the minimum required number of traverse
points is a direct function of stack or duct diameter.
35. 35
2 When a sampling site is not accessible, choose a convenient sampling location and
to determine the minimum required number of traverse location to the nearest
upstream and downstream disturbance.
First, measure the distance from the chosen sampling location to the nearest
upstream and downstream disturbance. Then determine the corresponding sample
points multiples for both distances and select the greater of these.
The result of this calculation is the minimum number of traverse points required.
This number may have to be increased such that for circular stacks the number is a
multiple of 4.
Location of Sampling Port
To ensure laminar flow, sampling ports shall be located at least 8 times chimney
diameter downstream and 2 times upstream from any flow disturbance.
For a rectangular cross section the equivalent diameter (De) shall be calculated by
using following equation to determine up stream, downstream distances.
De= 2 LW/L+W.
Where L =Length in m, W= width in m.
1. Number of sampling ports
Any points on the horizontal cross- section of a stack (chimney) along any diameter
can be measured for flow by the Pitot tube, if the point is approachable. Inserted Pitot
tube through the sampling port (hole) for stacks with diameter less than 2m.
Minimum two (mutually orthogonal) sampling ports are required in a circular
chimney, so that full stack cross-sectional area can be covered for measurements.
For stacks having diameter between 2 and 4 meters, two mutually orthogonal
sampling ports are to be increased to four by providing additional sampling port
diametrically opposite position, to the first two sampling ports.
Dimensions of sampling port
Port Type: Pitot tube, temperature and sampling probe are to be inserted together
into the sampling port for monitoring purposes. Sampling port should be a standard
flanged pipe of 0.10 m inside diameter (ID) with 0.15 m bolt circle diameter. An
easily removable blind flange should be provided to close the port when not in use.
Port Installation: Flanged pipe used as port should be installed with the interior stack
wall. Port should extend outward from the exterior stack wall not less than50 mm
and not more than 200 mm only when additional length is required for gate valve
installation. Ports should be installed at a height between 0.90 and 1.2m above the
floor of the working platform
37. 37
5. DATA COLLECTION AND OBSERVATION
I. MANUAL METHOD
Following is the data collection done by me manually at some of the places during
the month of June:
The data collected from several areas of Delhi like-
ITO Crossing, Central Secretariat Sundar Nagar, Old Fort, India Gate
Pragati Maidan, Near Hotel Meridian, IP Deptt.
On 13th
June, 2016
From the above areas the concentration of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 is as follows:-
OBSERVATION
1. Graph Showing PM1 Concentration
LOCATIONS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ITO PRAGATI
MEDAN
SUNDER
NAGAR
INDIA GATE HOTEL
MERIDIAN
IP DEPTT.
CONCENTRATIONOFPM1
PM1(µg/m3)
Sr. No. Location PM1(µg/m3
) PM2.5(µg/m3
) PM10(µg/m3
)
1 ITO 25 58 250
2 Pragati Maidan 31 75 586
3 Sunder Nagar 26 61 265
4 India Gate 24 57 247
5 Near Meridian Hotel 24 56 191
6 IP Deptt. 25 57 242
38. 38
2. Graph Showing PM2.5 Concentrations
2. Graph ShowingPM10 Concentrations
LOCATIONS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
ITO PRAGATI
MEDAN
SUNDER
NAGAR
INDIA GATE HOTEL
MERIDIAN
IP DEPTT.
CONCENTRATIONOFPM2.5
PM2.5(µg /m3 )
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
ITO PRAGATI
MEDAN
SUNDER
NAGAR
INDIA GATE HOTEL
MERIDIAN
IP DEPTT.
CONCENTRATIONOFPARTICULATEMATTER
PM10
PM10(μg /m3 )
LOCATIONS
39. 39
II. CONTINOUS ONLINE MONITORING METHODS
DPCC has 6 main stations. Two of them are working on the principles of Open path
and rests four are working on Conventional methods.
A.OPEN PATH METHOD
Followed by
Civil line station and IGI Airport
B.CONVENTIONAL METHOD
Followed by
Punjabi Bagh, RK Puram, Mandir Marg, Anand Vihar ISBT
Fig22: Online Continuous Monitoring Stations
49. 49
CONCENTRATION OF THE POLLUTANTS FOR THE MONTH OF MARCH-MAY,
2016
9. CO Graph From March-May, 2016
10. O3 Graph from March-May, 2016
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
O3 conc, [µg/m3]
O3 conc, [µg/m3]
O3 conc, [µg/m3]
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
50. 50
12. NO2 Graph from March-May, 2016
13. NH3 Graph From March-May, 2016
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
NO2 conc, [µg/m3]
NO2 conc, [µg/m3]
NO2 conc, [µg/m3]
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
NH3 conc,
NH3 conc,
NH3 conc,
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
51. 51
14. SO2 Graph from March-May, 2016
15. Benzene Graph from March-May, 2016
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
SO2 conc, [µg/m3]
SO2 conc, [µg/m3]
SO2 conc, [µg/m3]
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ben conc,
Ben conc,
Ben conc,
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
52. 52
III.STACK MONITORING
SOURCE: HOTEL LE MERIDIEN (CHIMNEY)
Stack height =81.1m (from ground level) and 2.7m (from roof level)
Fuel used PNG
Stack temperature (Ts) =89o
C (362o
K)
Avg. velocity =3.3m/s
Q =4787 Nm3
/hr
Particulate Matter = 14.4mg/Nm3
(concentration) and 150 (standard)
Ambient temperature = 307o
K
Ps =740mmHg
Pitot Coefficient = 0.86
1. Molecular weight determination
Dry and wet molecular weights
Equation 1 is used to calculate the dry molecular weight of flue gas. This equation
may be modified with terms if other gaseous constituents that will influence the
molecular weight if present.
Md = 0.44 (%CO2) +0.32 (% O2) +0.28(% N2+ % CO) ………… Eq- 1
= 0.44(8.6) +0.32(10.4) +0.28(81)
= 29.792
0.44 – molecular weight of carbon dioxide divided by 100, kg/kg-mole
0.32 – molecular weight of oxygen divided by 100, kg/kg –mole
0.28 – molecular weight of nitrogen and carbon monoxide divided by 100 kg /kg-
moles
Md = molecular weight of stack gas on dry basis, kg / kg –mole.
Ms = molecular weight of stack gas on wet basis, kg / kg –mole
% CO2 = Percent CO2 by volume, dry basis
% O2 = Percent oxygen by volume, dry basis
% N2 = percent nitrogen by volume, dry basis
53. 53
2. Static pressure determination
For the static pressure determination requires first to disconnect the positive end of
the Pitot tube then take the reading of velocity pressure.
For measurement of static gas pressure:
Pitot tube should be rotated by 90o
from the position of actual Δ P measurement.
This would provide better accuracy.
Ps may be calculated as
Ps = P bar ± (Δ Ps / 13.6)
Where:
P bar = Barometric pressure in mm mercury column
Δ Ps = Stack gas velocity pressure, mm water column
Ps = Static pressure mm Hg column.
Density of Hg = 13.6
3. Stack gas velocity determination
For velocity determination connect Pitot tube to the stack.
The dynamic and a static pressure are measured by using the manometer. The
temperature inside the duct is also measured.
= 33.5*0.861(0.8)1/2
[362/ (740*29.792)]1/2
=3.3m/s
Where
Us = Stack gas velocity, m/s
Kp = Constant, 33.5
Cp = S- type Pitot tube coefficient.
Ts = absolute stack gas temperature.
Δ P = Stack gas velocity pressure, mm water column
Ps = Absolute stack gas pressure, mm Hg
Ms = Molecular weight of stack gas on wet basis, Kg / Kg –mole
54. 54
Fig23: “S – Type” pitot tube and inclined manometer assembly
Isokinetic velocity = Us*An *Ps *1000 *60/ [PS (P bar –Pu)]
= 22.5 lpm (23 lpm approx)
Vm= 23lpm* 40min =0.92m3
Vs = Vm(P bar – Pm)* 273+25o
C / (Tm +273 *760)
= 0.92 (740-40) * 298/ (34o
C +273 * 760)
= 0.822m3
Vm= Volume of gas
Vs =Volume of dry gas through the sampling train (25o
C 760 mm Hg)
55. 55
6. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:-
I.MANUAL METHOD
According to the graph (1, 2 and 3)of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10, we can conclude that
the concentration of particulate matter near Pragati Maidan is quite high compared
to the other places. The concentration of PM10 is the highest in that place as
compared to PM2.5 and PM1.
II.CONTINOUS MONITORING SYSTEM
STATION: R.K PURAM
PM2.5 and PM10, March-2016(Graph4)
This data has lots of variations. Therefore coefficient of correlation is not quiet near
to +1 but it is positively related as
R=0.887353.
PM10 increases the most from 23rd
march and has the highest concentration on 25th
march. With increase of PM10 there is an increase in PM2.5 also. There are 4 major
peaks in the graph. First one on 3rd
march then next on 12th
March, third one on 21st
March and last peak is around 25th
march. The highest peak among these is on 25th
March may be due to festival of Holi. May be due to this there is an increase in
concentration of PM10 in the atmosphere.
PM2.5 and PM10, April-2016(Graph5)
This data shows less variation. The increase in concentration of PM10 starts from 25th
April and remains so till 29th
April. The coefficient of correlation is positively related
as
R=0.922437
PM2.5 and PM10, May-2016 (Graph6)
This graph shows less variation. The concentration of PM10 started increasing on
24th
May and shows the highest concentration on 27th
May. The coefficient of
correlation is positively related as R=0.960415
Hence,
56. 56
It shows that PM10 and PM2.5 are proportional to each other. With increase in
concentration of PM10 there is an increase in concentration of PM2.5.
The coefficient of correlation always lies between -1 to +1. The more it is towards +1
the less variation the data has. The more it is towards -1 the more variations the data
has.
Gaseous pollutants, March-2016 (Graph7)
The CO and Benzene shows similar variation and on the other hand NH3 and NO2
show the similar variations in this month. Though SO2 increases from 5th
March to
8th
-march which can be due to lots of industrial emission from any nearby area and
may be there have been an increase in diesel moving vehicles on the roads. O3 has
increased from 19th
March to 25th
March which is the sign of very heavy traffic
during these days.
Gaseous pollutants, April-2016(Graph 8)
According to the graph , the concentration of pollutants increase in the atmosphere
due to slow speed of wind and many farmlands and trees were burnt during this
period. So all these factors increases the pollutants level in the last part of the April
month from 17th
April to 30th
April.
Gaseous pollutants, May-2016 (Graph9)
CO and benzene, NO2 and O3, NH3 and SO2 are similar in variations. NO2 has
increased more than the other pollutants and this has led to increase of O3 from 13th
May to 19th
May. This may be due to heavy traffic during this period as May is the
month of high atmospheric temperature and wind velocity must have decreased also.
Hence,
Delhi pollution over these 3 months is mostly the same. Delhi pollution is not able to
be controlled because of its metrological conditions as temperature remains high
during these months and velocity of wind is very slow in Delhi which leads to
concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere. The topographical conditions are also
not favorable for Delhi.
57. 57
Monthly Variations (Graph 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15)
CO, O3 and NO2 increases in the last part of the April month. From the graph, we can
observe these three gaseous pollutants reached the highest peak in April. Whereas
NH3 increases in the first week of May. SO2 increases in the first week of March but
Benzene increases in the second week of March. Therefore March has the highest
concentration of these two pollutants.
III.STACK MONITORING
Sr.
No
P
(mm)
TS
(0
K)
PS US
(m/s)
QS
(m3
/hr)
Time Thimble
Initial
Wt.
Thimble
Final
Wt.
PM Vstd
(lpm)
Rm
(lpm)
1. 0.8 362 740 3.3 4787 40 1.4180
1.3906
1.4280
1.3976
0.0100
0.0070
0.822 22.5
58. 58
REFERENCES:
http://www.dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in/indexdup.php
http://cpcb.nic.in/
“Air quality monitoring, emission inventory and source apportionment study for Indian
cities”(2009), moef.nic.in.
http://www.greentribunal.gov.in/
J. S. Kamyotra & Dr. D. Saha, “Guidelines for the Measurement of Ambient Air Pollutants”
Volume-I (May,2011), NAAQSManualVolumeI.pdf.
J. S. Kamyotra & Dr. D. Saha, “Guidelines for the Measurement of Ambient Air Pollutants”
Volume-II (May,2011), cpcb, NAAQSManualVolumeII.pdf.
J.S Kamyotra, Member Secretary, Cpcb (2010), sixth edition, cpcbnews.manual
DR. B. SENGUPTA (2008), “Air Quality Trends and Action Plan for Control of Air Pollution
fromSeventeenCities”,SERIES:NAAQMS/29/2006-07
cpcb.nic.in/upload/NewItems/NewItem_104_airquality17cities-package-.pdf
https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/montring.html
