In the modern days data is the most important and critical part for the success of any organization, experiment and event. This presentation gives a brief overview of different forms of data and how is it being stores in the devices along with the technologies involved in this process.

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Micron Confidential
Design & Real
Time application
of Flash Memory

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Table of
contents
What is data?
Data generation on daily basis
Evolution of Storage industry
What is SSD?
Flash Memory
NAND vs NOR
NOR Flash
NAND Flash
Flash Memory working
Types of flash memory
What is FW
How SSD communicated with host
Python test case for drive stressing
Python test case for “One Time Password” generation

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What is data?
Data can be defined as a
representation of facts, concepts, or
instructions in a formalized manner,
which should be suitable for
communication, interpretation, or
processing by human or electronic
machine.
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Data
generation on
daily basis
 It is believed that over 2.5 quintillion bytes (2.5 e+9 GB) of the
data is created every day, and this number is in increasing
order.
 Google, the popular search engine process about 4.5 million
searches every second. The figure would be equivalent to 6.4
billion searches per day.
 Around 1 million people logins to Facebook in one minute.
 Tentatively 120 professionals join to Linkedin every minute.
 4,500,000 videos are streamed over YouTube every 60
seconds
 Every minute, 511,200 tweets are tweeted on Twitter.
 55,140 photos are shared on Instagram each minute, which has
obtained a growth rate of 12% compared to 2018.

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How this much
amount of data is
being stored?
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Evolution of storage industry
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What is SSD? 7
 A solid-state drive (SSD) is a solid-state
storage device that uses integrated
circuit assemblies to store
data persistently, typically using flash
memory, and functioning as secondary
storage in the hierarchy of computer
storage. It is also sometimes called
a semiconductor storage device, a solid-
state device or a solid-state disk

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Flash Memory 8
 Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer
memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and
reprogrammed. The two main types of flash memory, NOR flash
and NAND flash, are named for the NOR and NAND logic gates.
NOR and NAND flash use the same cell design, consisting of
floating gate MOSFETs. They differ at the circuit level depending
on whether the state of the bit line or word lines is pulled high
or low. In NAND flash, the relationship between the bit line and
the word lines resembles a NAND gate; in NOR flash, it
resembles a NOR gate.
 There are two types of Flash Memory:
 - NAND Flash
 - NOR Flash

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NAND vs
NOR
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NOR Flash
 NOR flash is used for program execution similar to RAM. Introduc
ed by Intel in 1988, NOR supports one-
byte random access, which means a program's instructions are ex
ecuted directly from the NOR flash the same way computers exec
ute instructions in RAM. Unlike RAM, NOR flash does not require
power to hold its content.
 NOR flash is most often used in applications where individual
bytes of data need to be written and read, and is most often used
where random access and execute-in-place access techniques are
required. As each read access takes the same amount of
time, sequential read access is no faster than random access
 NOR flash is optimized for random access capabilities, which
means it is capable of accessing data in any order and does not
require following a sequence of storage locations. In its internal
circuit configuration, each of NOR Flash’s memory cells are
connected in parallel; one end of the memory cell is connected to
the source line and the other end is connected to the bit line.
Because of this, the system is able to access individual memory
cells.
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NAND Flash
 NAND flash memory is a type of non-volatile
storage technology that does not require power to
retain data. An important goal of NAND flash
development has been to reduce the cost per bit and
to increase maximum chip capacity so that flash
memory can compete with magnetic storage devices,
such as hard disks. NAND flash has found a market in
devices to which large files are frequently uploaded
and replaced. MP3 players, digital cameras and USB
flash drives use NAND technology.
 NAND flash saves data as blocks and relies on electric
circuits to store data. When power is detached from
NAND flash memory, a metal-oxide semiconductor will
provide an extra charge to the memory cell, keeping
the data. The metal-oxide semiconductor typically
used is a floating-gate transistor (FGT). The FGTs are
structured similar to NAND logic gates.
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How Flash
memory works?
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 Flash memory works by adding (charging) or
removing (discharging) electrons to and from
a floating gate.
 A bit's 0 or 1 state depends upon whether or
not the floating gate is charged or uncharged.
 When electrons are present on the floating
gate, current can't flow through the transistor
and the bit state is 0.
 This is the normal state for a floating gate
transistor, when a bit is programmed.
 When electrons are removed from the floating
gate, current is allowed to flow and the bit
state is 1.

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Flash
memory
working
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SLC vs.
MLC vs.
TLC vs.
QLC
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Voltage levels in SLC vs. MLC
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What is FW? 16
 Firmware is data that is stored on a computer or
other hardware device's ROM (read-only
memory) that provides instruction on how that
device should operate. Unlike normal
software, firmware cannot be changed or
deleted by an end-user without using special
programs, and remains on that device whether
it's on or off.
 It is a system that puts in place to establish a
“Firm” link between Hardware and Software.

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How
communication
happens b/w host
and SSD?
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Garbage
collection
in SSD
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