It includes an Introduction to social sciences,Types of families and social evils

1. AB RAJAR
ASSOCAITE PROFESSOR
COMMUNITY MEDICINE & HEALTH SCIENCES.

2. Learning Objectives.
• Introduction.
• Aims & Objectives.
• Branches of Social Sciences.
• Types of families.
• Types of Social evils.

3. Quote of the day
• “Science is the Great Instrument of Social Change.”
Arthur Balfour

4. INTRODUCTION
• The scientific study of organized human groups is a relatively recent
development, but a vast amount of information has been
accumulated concerning the social life of human beings.
• This information has been used in building a system of knowledge
(called social sciences) about the nature, growth and functioning of
human societies.
• Scientific knowledge is a knowledge that has been systematically
gathered, classified, related and interpreted.

5. INTRODUCTION
• To understand society is to learn not only the conditions that limit
ourselves, but also the opportunities open to us for improving the
human condition.
• The humanities deal special aspects of human culture and primarily
concerned with our attempts to express spiritual and aesthetic values
and discover the meaning of life.

6. INTRODUCTION
• Whereas the social sciences study issues in a systematic, scientific
way, the focus of the humanities is more on the emotions and feeling
themselves than on the system employed to sharpen that focus.
• Increasing our knowledge of human society is as important as
learning more about mathematics, physics, chemistry or engineering,
for unless we can develop societies in which human beings can live
happy, meaningful and satisfying lives.

7. SOCIAL SCIENCE
Social
• Relating to human society and
how it is organized.
Science
• The study of the physical and
natural world and phenomena,
especially by using systematic
observation and experiment.

8. Definition
• Social Sciences are the fields of human knowledge that deal with all
aspects of the group life of human beings.
• They are closely related to humanities (deals with literature, music,
art, and philosophy) because both deal with humans and their
culture.
• However, Social Sciences are most concerned with those basic
elements of culture that determine the general patterns of human
behavior.

9. AIMS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE.
• An awareness of their land, people, resources, rich social and cultural
heritage and religious harmony.
• Creative ability to solve problems through acquisition of required
qualities of life such as the sense of right and wrong, justice, civic
rights and responsibilities, self-employment, healthy life pattern and
environmental awareness and personal accountability in the context
of global fraternity, human rights and democratic feeling.

10. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY SOCIAL SCIENCE.
• To gain adequate knowledge of insight into the nature and process of
evaluation of human society and civilization.
• To acquire adequate knowledge of citizenship, qualities of a good
citizen, civic rights and associated responsibilities and be devoted to
discharge civics responsibilities.

11. 5 PRIMARY SOCIAL SCIENCES:
• Anthropology
• Sociology
• Political Science
• Geography
• Psychology

12. ANTHROPOLOGY
• Anthropology is the study of relationship between biological traits
and socially acquired characteristics. Sometimes called the study of
human.
1. Physical anthropology
2. Cultural anthropology
3. Linguistic anthropology
4. Archeology.

13. SOCIOLOGY
• Sociology is the systematic study of relationship among people.
• Sociologists assume that behavior is influenced by people’s social,
political, occupational and intellectual groupings and by the particular
settings in which they find themselves at one time or another.
• 3 major choices are:
• Functionalism
• Conflict
• Interactionalism

14. GEOGRAPHY.
• Geography is the study of the natural environment and how it
influence social and cultural development.
• Concerns of geography are:
I. Ecology
II. Climate
III. Resources
IV. Accessibility
V. Demography

15. HISTORY
• History is the study of past events.
• It is a social science in the sense that it is a systematic attempt to learn about and
verify past events and relate them to one another and to the present.
• The study of history involves:
1. Identifying
2. Classifying
3. Arranging

16. ECONOMICS.
• Economics is the study of the ways in which men and women make a
living, the most pressing problem most human beings face.
• Its subject matter is often summarized as:
1. Production
2. Distribution
3. Consumption

17. POLITICAL SCIENCES.
• Political Science is the study of social arrangements to maintain peace
and order within a given society.
• It deals with government, and its interest are:
1. Politics
2. Laws
3. Administration
4.International Relations
5.Theory of the nature and functions of the state

18. PSYCHOLOGY
• Psychology deals with the mind and personality of the individual.
• It is a social science because humans are social creatures. It focuses
on the individual and physical processes such as:
1. Biological structure
2. Development and maturation

19. TYPES OF FAMILIES.

20. What is family ??
• According to functionalist George Murdock a family is defined as:
• “a social group characterized by common residence, economic co-
operation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least
two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and
one or more children, own or adopted of the sexually co-habiting
adults”.

21. Family structure
• There are various types of family that exist in today’s society, some of
the more common structures include :
1) The Nuclear Family.
2) The Extended Family.
3) Single Parent Family.
4) Reconstituted Family.
5) Symmetrical Family.
6) Empty Nest Family.
7) Cereal Packet Family

22. Family structure [conti…]
• THE NUCLEAR FAMILY :
• This usually consists of two generations of family, parents and their
own or adopted children residing in the same household.

23. Family structure [conti…]
• THE EXTENDED FAMILY :
• This is also known as the three generation family. Consisting of
grandparents, their children and their grandchildren.

24. Family structure [conti…]
• SINGLE PARENT FAMILY :
• This type of family is also known as the Lone Parent Family. It consists
of one parent and a child or children residing in one household.

25. Family structure [conti…]
• RECONSTITUTED FAMILY :
• This is a family where one or more parents have been married
previously and they bring with them children from their previous
marriage(s). This introduces various combinations of stepfather, step-
mother etc.

26. Family structure [conti…]
• SYMMETRICAL FAMILY :
• This family is one in which the roles of the husband and wife or of co-
habiting partners have become more alike or equal.

27. Family structure [conti…]
• EMPTY NEST FAMILY :
• In this family, the children have moved out of the home and the
parents reside together.

28. Family structure [conti…]
• CEREAL PACKET FAMILY :
• This type of family is usually flouted as the ideal family type, and as
such is usually displayed on cereal packets.

29. Family classification.
• FAMILIES CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE VARIOUS
CATEGORIES:
A. On the basis of descent
B. On the basis of authority
C. On the pattern of residence
D. On the amount of mates

30. A. ON THE BASES OF LINAGE
• PATRILINEAL FAMILY :
• This type of family occurs when property and title inheritance
passes down through the father’s side.
• MATRILINEAL FAMILY :
• This is where the property and title inheritance passes through the
mother’s side.

31. B.ON THE BASES OF HEADSHIP.
• PATRIARCHAL FAMILY :
• In this type of family, the father is considered the head.
• MATRIARCHAL FAMILY:
• In this type of family, authority is held by the mother

32. C.ON THE PATTERN OF RESIDENCE.
• PATRILOCAL :
• When a married couple lives with or near the husband’s family.
• MATRILOCAL :
• When a couple lives with or near the mother’s family.
• NEO-LOCAL :
• When a married couple sets up a home separate from either side
of their families.

33. D.ON THE BASES OF MATES.
• MONOGAMOUS FAMILY :
• In this instance, a husband only has one wife. This is the western
idea of a typical marriage.
• POLYGAMOUS FAMILY :
• In this case, the husband has more than one wife at the same
time. This type of family can be found mostly in Saudi Arabia.
• POLYANDROUS FAMILY :
• This family consists of a wife with more than one husband. This
can be found in the Todas of Southern India.

35. What are social evils?
• An evil is usually referred to something troublesome and harmful.
Social evils are issues or matters that directly or indirectly affect one
or more members of society thus harming the welfare of that society.
A society is a building block of a country.
• So, it can be said that social evils are destructive to the peace and
harmony of a country as a whole.
• They breakdown the moral values of a society and the ethnicity of a
country through economic or social means.

36. What are social evils?
• A disease may be termed as social problem and its social relevance
become quite high when following happens: -
• When it has got predominant behavioral component in its causation
• When its widespread over large geographic area and affects many( î
incidence, î prevalence).
• It is severe & mortality is very high.
• Leads to permanent disability & crippling,.
• Leads to discrimination & ostracism.
• When it disrupts trade, affects the economy of nation - Primarily
economically productive population is affected

37. Current Social Evils/Problems
i. Terrorism
ii. Corruption.
iii. Social media.
iv. Begging.
v. Dowry System
vi. Smuggling.
vii. Honor killing.
viii. Prostitution.
ix. Child labor
x. Alcoholism
xi. Delinquency
xii. Drug addiction/ dependence

39. Different types of corruption.
• Corrupt judicial system.
• Politics and bureaucracy.
• Land and property
• Service sector.
• Income Tax Department.
• Armed Forces.
• Religious institution.

40. Corrupt judicial system.
• Corruption in Judiciary System has increased.
• Lower courts remain corrupt, inefficient and subject to pressure from
prominent wealthy, religious and political figures.
• Case replacement or delaying by bribing.

41. Corrupt Educational System.
• Non-Normal Admission.
• Lack of vision for education
• Nation’s biggest issue is non uniform educational system.

42. Law Enforcement and Police.
• Corruption is the evident in
lower level of the Police in
Pakistan.
• Low salaries.
• Bribe Ratio

43. CONSEQUENCES OF CORRUPTION
• Loss of national wealth
• Hindrance and obstruction in development
• Backwardness
• Poverty
• Brain drain
• Rise in terrorism and crimes
• Rise in suicide cases
• Psychological and social disorders • Authority and power in wrong
hands

44. CURES FOR CORRUPTION IN PAKISTAN.
• Value education
• Effective and regular vigilance
• Responsible citizen
• Effective leadership and administration
• Strong media support( through films, ads , serials)
• Strong legislation
• Social organization

45. And /&

51. Definition of Honor Killing.
• Honor killings are acts of vengeance, usually death, committed by
male family members against female family members, who are held
to have brought dishonor upon the family.
• In Pakistan honor killings are known locally Karo-Kari.
• Over 382 women became victim in Sindh province .
• Over 6 years, 4000 women died.

53. Cruel Wadera;Chauhdary and Sardar.
• In Sindh there are Waderas in Punjab are Chauhdaries and in
Baluchistan are Sardars.
• Not all of them are cruel but majority is cruel and dominating to their
men.
In Sindh there are Waderas in Punjab are Chauhdaries and in Baluchistan are Sard

54. FAMILY POLITICS.
• They capture lands illegally, forbid education and enforce child labor.
• Members involved in Politics.
• Pakistan is governed and ruled by some of the families like, Badshah
Khan, Bhutto’s, Chauhdaries, Gabol, Junejo, etc.
• Opportunities to normal people ends due to this Family Politics.

56. TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN.
• Terrorism in Pakistan has become a major and highly destructive
phenomenon in recent years.
• Death toll risen from 164 to 3318.
• According to the government of Pakistan, the direct and indirect
economic costs of terrorism from 20002010 is $68 billion.

57. WHAT IS SOCIAL MEDIA?
• Social Media is the interaction among people in which they create
share or exchange information and ideas in virtual
communication.

60. •What
Imbisat Is
Doing
•What
Ayehsa Is
Doing

71. CHILD LABOR
• Child labor refers to the employment of children in any work that
deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to
attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or
morally dangerous and harmful.

72. Some Sweet Ones Some Bitter Ones

73. CAUSES OF CHILD LABOR….
• Poverty
• Parental illiteracy
• Tradition of making children learn the family skills
• Absence of compulsory Primary education
• Social apathy and tolerance of child labor
• Ineffective enforcement of the legal provisions pertaining to child labor
• Ignorance of the parents about the adverse consequences of child labor

74. CHILD LABOR
• “Small hands can handle a pen better, lend your support to abolish child labor."
• "Fight for the Future of Young Lives, who knows we may find the next President
working in a hotel..."
• "World revolves around the children, children's future revolve around education.
Stop child labor"

75. DRUG ADDICTION:
• State of periodic/chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual &
society - produced by repeated intake of habit-forming drugs

76. PRECIPITATING FACTORS
• Curiosity & natural tendency to experiment with drugs
• Disturbed domestic environment: broken home, lack of
communication between parents & children,
• Escapism from tensions & frustrations
• Adoption of western life styles
• Ignorance about ill effects of drugs

77. Alcohol Abuse
• World-wide social& medical problem
• Rapid socio-economic & cultural changes alcohol seen a
symbol of prestige & social status
• - î in consumption & frequency.

78. Alcohol Abuse Cont…
- CONSEQUENCES.
- - Crime
- - Murder
- - Prostitution
- - Malnutrition
- - Neglect of family life
- - Unemployment
- - î debt
- - Delinquency
- - RTA - Cirrhosis, alcoholic psychosis, alcohol dependency

79. DELINQUENCY.
• DELINQUENT:
• “One showing deviation from normal behavior & has committed an
offence”,
• Theft
• Sexual assault
• Murder,
• Burglary = an unlawful entry into a houses/building or other location for the purposes of
committing an offence
• - Great social problem)

80. DELINQUENCY.
• CAUSES OF DELINQUENCY:
• Social mal-adjustment
• Poverty - Disturbed home
• Drug addiction
• Alcoholism
• Adoption of modern life styles

81. Prostitution:
• Urban social problem - Age old social evil.
• CAUSES: -
• Changes in environment.
• Breakdown of inter family relations.
• Parental discord - Lack of affection
• Illegitimacy.
• Easy access to money & wealth.
• Low I.Q.
• Low morale - Poverty .

82. Drug Addiction.
• State of periodic/chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual &
society - produced by repeated intake of habit-forming drugs

83. BEGGING
• Begging is requesting for donation in a supplicating manner, also it is
one of the oldest professions on earth like prostitution
• Begging is one of important growing issues of Pakistan which has not
been taken into account seriously.
• Twenty-five million beggars in Pakistan
• Complex relationship between poverty, begging, homelessness,
substance abuse, mental illness, unemployment and crime.
• Begging culture is not as simple as it seems like, now there is a whole
mafia and series of crimes is also related to it.

84. Types of Beggars.
• Child beggars.
• Physically handicapped beggars
• Diseased beggars
• Mentally handicapped beggars
• Casual beggars.
• Professional /Hereditary beggars
• Employed beggars.
• Migrant beggars

85. Causes of Beggary.
• Economic Causes:
• Poverty Loss of Employment.
• As a business.
• Social causes:
• Family disorganization.
• Lack of parental control .
• Community disorganization.
• Break up of joint family system.
• Biological causes:
• Diseases, Physically disabled, Mentally disabled, Old age

86. CONCLUSION
• Man kind need to understand and observe the importance of social
sciences
• Knowledge based society will be better equipped to socializing
process
• A well balanced knowledge about social sciences will ensure the
humans existence.
• Have a nice day!