This document discusses several topics in sociolinguistics, including language contact and variation, nativization of English in India, bilingualism and multilingualism, code-switching and code-mixing, pidgins and creoles, dialects, and register and style. It explains that language contact occurs when speakers of different languages interact, leading to transfer of features between languages. In India, the prolonged contact between English and Indian languages has resulted in nativization, where English has taken on features of Indian languages. It also discusses how multilingualism has increased due to globalization, and defines concepts like pidgins, creoles, dialects, and linguistic style.

1. Sociolinguistics- 2
SY BA OPTIONAL ENGLISH (G2)
Anuradha Ghodke
Pratibha College of Commerce and Computer Studies,
Chinchwad, Pune

2. Language Contact and Language Variation
 Linguistic is the study of language.
 The Study of language in relation to the society in which it is used is a branch of
linguistics known as sociolinguistics.
 Language Contact is the social and linguistic phenomenon by which speakers of
different languages or different dialects of the same language interact with on
another, leading to a transfer of language features.

3. Language Contact and Language
Variation
 The way a speaker speaks a particular language in a particular situation to a
particular individual is influenced by many factors that reflected in the language
used.
 As a result of prolonged contact between a speaker and a society there is both
language contact as well as variation in language.

4. Nativization of English
 When any language (foreign or non-native) begins to be used as a native
language by the speakers, the speakers, this phenomenon is known as nativization
of language.
 As British people introduced English to Indian speakershere was interaction
between the British and Indians at various levels depending on the relationship
between two.
 After independence, English continues to be used in India andis one of the two
link languages in all formal interactions, the other being Hindi.

5.  India has great linguistic diversity. Hindi has been designated as he official
language of India. English is used as the second official language.
 In addition to there are different variety of each state language.
 Thus most Indian speakers are multilingual this is defined as naviization that there
is tramsfer of certain linguistic elements from Indian languages into English.
 For Ex Linguistic characterstics such as grammar, semantics and pragmatics of
English have acquired the features of India

6. Bilingualism and Multilingualism
 Monolingualism is the ability to use a single language code.
 A society can effectively communicate in two languages is called a bilingual
society and such a linguistic situation is called bilingualism.
 A society or speech community that consists of people who speak many
languages is a multilingual speech community is called multilingualism.
 As a result of globalization multilingualism is a common social phenomenon in
today’s times due to increased contact of different cultures.

7. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing

8. Pidgins and Creoles
 There may no be a common language of interaction. In such circumstances, a
highly simplified language develops as a means of communication. This language
is called pidgins or pidgin language.
 When pidgins becomes the the first language of a new generation of speakers, it
is termed as a creole.
 Creole is believed to arise when a pidgin, used by adults, becomes the native and
primary language of their children through a process known creolisation.

9. Dialects
 Dialect can be define as a variety of a language whose grammar differs in
systematic ways from other varieties of the same language.
 These systematic differences can be lexical (of words) phonological (of sounds)
syntactical( of grammar) and semantic (of meaning).

10. Register and Style
 When we uses a particular set of linguistic elements for definite occupational or
social uses, we have the register of the language.
 Style is another aspect of speech is the chice of words the connotation,
appropriacy etc. the way in which a speaker speaks a particular language this is
called style
 Components of style are

11. Style
 Frozen
 Formal
 Consultative
 Casual
 Intimate