SUBMITTEDBY:
ASHISH ACHARJEE
REG NO:-11102075

CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF HAND TOOL
• CIHT is an autonomous organization.
• CIHT is a National Institute.
• CIHT was established in 1983 with assistance from UNDP,
Government of India and Government of Punjab.
• CIHT is aspiring for latest technology to be a leader in
region.

SERVICE OFFERED AT CIHT
• Consultancy.
• Tool Room Services.
• Heat Treatment Shop.
• Forge Shop.
•Testing and quality control.
•Training services.

ADDRESS OF THE COMPANY:-Central Institute of Hand Tools
Maqsudan, Opp. ShaheedBhagat Singh Colony, G.T. Road, Bye Pass, Jalandhar City -
144 008,
State - Punjab, India.
Phone: +91.181.2290196
E-mail: institute_jld@dataone.in

COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL (CNC)
MACHINES
CNC is a microprocessor based control system that accepts a set of
program instructions, processes and sends output control
information to a machine tool, accepts feedback information
acquired from a transducer placed on the machine tool and based
on the instructions and feedback, assures that proper motion, speed
and operation occur.
A CNC system basically consists of the following:
(a) Central processing unit (CPU)
(b) Servo control unit
(c) Operator control panel
(d) Machine control panel
(e) Programmable logic controller
(f) Other peripheral devices

CNC LATHE MACHINE

Basic CNC Principles Coordinates System

TYPES OF CNC MACHINE
•Lathes for metal and plastics
 Used to produce 3D product shapes and moulds for
plastic products.
•Milling machine for mould making and surface milling.
Used to produce dies for
die cutting printed products
•Drilling machine used in making drill in surface.
•Boring machine to increase the diameter of the hole.
•Grinding machine to obtain better surface texture.

CNC LATHE
•Automated version of a manual lathe.
Programmed to change tools
automatically.
•Used for turning and boring wood, metal
and plastics.

HOW CNC WORKS
•Controlled by G and M codes.
•These are number values and co-ordinates.
•Each number or code is assigned to a particular
operation.
•Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators.
•G&M codes are automatically generated by the
computer software

FEATURES OF CNCMACHINERY
•The tool or material moves.
•Tools can operate in 1-5 axes.
•Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU)
which manages operations.
•Movement is controlled by a motors (actuators).
Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers)
•Tool magazines are used to change tools automatically.

•Most are made from
high speed steel (HSS),
tungsten carbide or ceramics.
•Tools are designed to direct waste away from the
material.
•Some tools need coolant such as oil to protect the
tool and work.
TOOL

CNC PROGRAMMING BASICS
•CNC instructions are called part program commands.
•When running, a part program is interpreted one
command line at a time until all lines are completed.
•Commands, which are also referred to as blocks, are
made up of words which each begin with a letter address
and end with a numerical value.

•Each letter address relates to a specific machine
function. “G” and “M” letter addresses are two of the
most common. A “G” letter specifies certain machine
preparations such as inch or metric modes, or
absolutes versus incremental modes.
•A “M” letter specifies miscellaneous machine
functions and work like on/off switches for coolant
flow, tool changing, or spindle rotation. Other letter
addresses are used to direct a wide variety of other
machine commands.

OPERATING CONTROLLER OF CNC
1. SIMEN CONTROLLER

2. FANUC CONTROLLER

IMPORTANT THINGS TO KNOW
• Coordinate System
• Units, incremental or absolute positioning
• Coordinates: X,Y,Z, RX,RY,RZ
• Feed rate and spindle speed
• Coolant Control: On/Off, Flood, Mist
• Tool Control: Tool and tool parameters

CNC PROGRAMMING
•Programming consists of a series of instructions in form of letter codes.
•Preparatory Codes:
G codes- Initial machining setup and establishing operating conditions
•N codes- specify program line number to executed by the MCU
•Axis Codes: X,Y,Z - Used to specify motion of the slide along X, Y, Z
direction
•Feed and Speed Codes: F and S- Specify feed and spindle speed
•Tool codes: T – specify tool number
•Miscellaneous codes – M codes For coolant control and other activities

O - Program number (Used for program identification)
N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
G - Preparatory function
X - X axis designation
Y - Y axis designation
Z - Z axis designation
R - Radius designation
F – Feed rate designation
S - Spindle speed designation
H - Tool length offset designation
D - Tool radius offset designation
T - Tool Designation
M - Miscellaneous function

EXPLANATION OF COMMONLY USED G CODES
• G00 – Preparatory code to control final position of the tool and not
concerned with the path that is followed in arriving at the final
destination.
• G01 – Tool is required to move in a straight line connecting
current position and final position. Used for tool movement
without any machining- point to point control. (linear
interpolation)
• G02 – Tool path followed is along an arc specified by I, J and K
codes.( circular interpolation)

IMPORTANT G CODES
G00 Rapid Transverse
G01 Linear Interpolation
G02 Circular Interpolation, CW
G03 Circular Interpolation, CCW
G17 XY Plane,G18 XZ Plane,G19 YZ Plane
G20/G70 Inch units
G21/G71 Metric Units
G40 Cutter compensation cancel
G41 Cutter compensation left
G42 Cutter compensation right
G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G43 Tool length compensation (plus)
G44 Tool length compensation (minus)
G49 Tool length compensation cancel
G80 Cancel canned cycles
G81 Drilling cycle
G82 Counter boring cycle
G83 Deep hole drilling cycle
G90 Absolute positioning
G91 Incremental positioning

IMPORTANT MCODES
M00 Program stop
M01 Optional program stop
M02 Program end
M03 Spindle on clockwise
M04 Spindle on counterclockwise
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change
M08 Coolant on
M09 Coolant off
M10 Clamps on
M11 Clamps off
M30 Program stop, reset to start

RULES FOE PROGRAMMING
• Restrictions on CNC blocks
• Each may contain only one tool move
• Each may contain any number of non-tool move G-
codes
• Each may contain only one feed rate
• Each may contain only one specified tool or spindle
speed

• The block numbers should be sequential.
• Both the program start flag and the program number
must be independent of all other commands (on separate
lines)
• The data within a block should follow the sequence.

45
36
FACING
G95G90G71G54
G96S500M03LMS=700F0.2
G00X92.0Z0.0
Z-1.0
G01X-1.5
X92.0Z-1.0
G00Z-2.0
G01X-1.5
G00X92.0Z-2.0
G00Z-3.0
G01X-1.5
G00X92.0Z-3.0
G00Z-4.0
G01X-1.5
G0X0Z0D0
M05
M09
M30
90

TURNING
100
75
80
G95G90G71G54
G96S500M03LIMS=700F0.2
X79.0
G01Z-100.0
G00X79.0Z0.0
X78.0
G01Z-100.0
G00X77.0Z0.0
X76.0
G01Z-100.0
G00X77.0Z0.0
X75.0
G00X75.Z0.0
G00X80.0Z10.0
G0X0Z0D0
M05
M09
M30

5
10
5
STEP TURNING
ɸ75
ɸ80
ɸ70ɸ82
G95G90G71G54
G96S500M03LIMS=700F0.2
T1D1M06
G0X84.0Z0.0
X81.0
G01Z-30.0
G0X81.0Z0.0
X80.0
G01Z-30.0
G0X79.0Z0.0
G01Z-15.0
G0X79.0Z0.0
X78.0
G01Z-15.0
G0X78.0Z0.0
X76.0
G01X76.0Z0.0
X75.0
G01Z-15.0
G0X75.0Z0.0
X73.0
G01Z-5.0
G0X73.0Z0.0
X70.0
G01Z-15.0
G0X72.0Z10.0
GOXOZODO
M05
M09
M30

TAPER TURNING
ɸ75 ɸ70
G95G90G71G54
G96S500M03LIMS=700F0.2
T1D1M06
G00X76.0Z0.0
X74.0
G01X75.0Z-30.0
30
G00X76.0Z0.0
X72.0
G01X75.0Z-30.0
G00X76.0Z0.0
X71.0
G01X75.0Z-30.0
G00X76.0Z0.0
X70.0
G01X75.0Z-30.0
G00X76.0Z10.0
GOXOZODO
M05
M09
M30

GROOVING
60
5
30 30
ɸ60
G95G90G71G54
G96S500M03LIMS=700F0.2
T1D1M06
G00X62.0Z0.0
Z-30.0
G01X59.0
G00X62.0
G01X58.0
G00X62.0
G0157.0
G00X62.0
G01X56.0
G00X62.0
G0155.0
G00X62.0
Z10.0
G0X0Z0D0
M05
M09
M30

ADVANTAGES
(a) High Repeatability and Precision, e.g. Aircraft parts.
(b) Volume of production is very high.
(c) Complex contours/surfaces need to be machined, e.g. Turbines.
(d) Flexibility in job change, automatic tool settings, less scrap.
(e) Safer, higher productivity, better quality.
(f) Less paper work, faster prototype production, reduction in lead
times.
(g) Easier to program.
(h) Easy storage of existing programs.
(i) Avoids human errors.
(j) Usually generates closer tolerances than manual machines.
(k) Program editing at the machine tool.
(l) Control systems upgrades possible.
(m) Option -resident CAM system at machine tool.
(n) Tool path verification

DISADVANTAGES
(a) Costly setup, skilled operators.
(b) Computers, programming knowledge required.
(c) Maintenance is difficult.
(d) Machines have to be installed in air conditioned places