Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Weed mgt in_vetatables -
1. Weed Management in vegetable crops
Presented by
ATMA RAM MEENA
Ph.D. (Horti)
Dept. of Horticulture,
SKRAU BIKANER
Submitted to
Dr. R.K.NAROLIYA
Asst. Professor,
Dept. of Horticulture
3. •The problem of weeds in vegetable crops is
rather more serious than field crops which
may be due to their more requirements for
nutrients and water.
•Also initial growth of most of vegetable crop
is very slow, frequent irrigation and wider
spacing which encourages germination,
growth and development of weed seedling.
•So, weeds enjoy more favorable
environment in vegetable crops as compared
to field crops.
Hence in order to achieve economical returns,
weed management practices in vegetable
crops must be very sound.
4.
5. •To provide weed free condition during
crop growth period.
•To find out economical and physical
method of weed management in
vegetable crops.
•To minimize nutrition depletion by
weeds.
6. Area of Horticultural crops in India for
the year 2013-2014
Area in Million ha & Percent
Anon., (2015)
7.22
(29.46%)
9.4
(38.84%)
0.75
(3.1%)
3.68
(15.21%)
3.16
(13.06%)
Fruits
Vegetables
Flowers & Aromatics
Plantation Crops
Spices
7. Production of Horticultural crops in India
for the year 2013-2014
Production Million Tonnes & Percent
Anon., (2015)
88.98
(32.08%)
162.9
(58.74%)
3.19
(1.15%)
16.3 (5.88%) 5.91 (2.13%)
Fruits
Vegetables
Flowers & Aromatics
Plantation Crops
Spices
8. Area of Horticultural crops in Rajasthan for
the year 2014-2015 (provisional)
Area in Million ha (1.259) & Percent
Anon., (2015)
0.8195
(65.09%)0.2345
(18.63%)
0.164
(13.03%)
0.0386
(3.07%)
0.0027
(0.21%)
Spices
Aromatic
Vegetables
Fruits
Flowers &
Aromatics
9. Production of Horticultural crops in Rajasthan
for the year 2014-2015 (provisional)
Production Million Tonnes (2.661) & Percent
Anon., (2015)
1.2375
(46.51%)
0.6748
(25.36%)
0.619
(23.26%)
0.1251
(4.70%)
0.0029
(0.11%)
Vegetables
Spices
Fruits
Aromatic
Flowers
10.
11. Table1: Crop Losses due to Weed
Crop Loss (%) References
Tomato
Potato
Chilli
Brinjal
Okra
Onion
57-70
40-50
60-80
45-50
30-70
40-60
Nandal and Sharma (2005)
Dixit et al., (2003)
Patel et al., (2004)
Sha et al., (2005)
Prakesh et al., (2001)
Kathiresan et al., (2004)
Cabbage 45-70 Nandal et al., (2005)
17. Field preparation
Deep ploughing in summer exposes
underground parts likes rhizomes and tubers of
perennial and abnoxious weeds to scorching
summer sun and kills the weeds seed.
Planting method
• Sowing of clean crop seeds without weed
seeds should be done.
• It is a preventive method against introduction
of weeds.
• Sowing is taken up one to three days after
rainfall or irrigation depending on soil type.
Varieties
Weeds continue to germinate for long time
in dwarf varieties resulting in high weed growth.
18. Fertilizer application:
Weeds like Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus
rotundus do not respond to nitrogen
application and they are suppressed by fast
growing crops.
Irrigation and drainage
• Frequent irrigation or rain during initial stage
of crop growth induces several flushes of
weeds.
• Under submerged conditions, tubers of
Cyperus and rhizomes of Cynodon are killed
due to lack of oxygen.
19. Cropping systems
The possibilities of a certain weed species
or group of species occurring is greater if the same
crop is grown year after year so crop rotation can
be done.
Mulching
Mulches suppress annual weeds by
limiting the light, moisture, and gas exchange
required for weed establishment.
22. Mechanical
1. Moldboard ploughing
Can eliminate emerged annual weeds.
2. Rotary hoeing
Useful to manage small-seeded weeds
in large-seeded crops
3. Row cultivation
Dislodge or cover as many weed
seedlings as possible. Avoid damaging
crop root systems.
4. Mowing
Mow weeds as soon as flowers appear
so no viable weed seed is produced.
Moldboard ploughing
29. LLDPE clear film on the soil surface
Soil solarization on large
scale
29
30. • Suitable time period: May-June as temperature rises up to
45o C at this time.
• Wet the soil with water, or saturate it with water
• Spread white polythene of 200 gauges on the whole
nursery area for about 5-6 weeks.
• The margin of the polythene should be covered by wet soil
(compressed mud) this arise soil temperature 10-12o C more
than normal and check the entry of air.
• After 5-6 weeks remove the polythene sheet
• Prepare the beds for seed sowing with minimum
disturbance of soil.
31. Stale Seed Bed:
Stale (‘false’) seed beds are sometimes used for
vegetables when other selective weed-control practices
are limited or unavailable.
Basically, this technique consists of the following:
Preparation of a seedbed 2-3 weeks before planting
to achieve maximum weed-seed germination near the
soil surface.
Planting the crop with minimum soil disturbance to
avoid exposing new weed seed to favourable
germination conditions.
Treating the field with a non-residual herbicide to kill
all germinated weeds just before or after planting, but
before crop emergence.
32. Biological control
Myco-herbicides are a preparation containing pathogenic
spores applied as a spray with standard herbicide
application equipment. For example
• a weevil for the aquatic weed salvinia,
• rust for skeleton weed,and
• a caterpillar (Cactoblastis sp.) to control prickly pear.
Hand Weeding
Apart from chemical weeding, one or two
hand weeding is done at 30 and 45 days
after transplanting.
33. Table 2: Effect of weed control treatments on weed growth,
plant growth and fruit yield of pointed gourd.
Treatment Weed population
(No. /m2)
No. of wines /
plant
Fruiting % Fruit yield
(q/ha)
Paddy straw mulch 83.2 5.8 68.9 52.6
Mustard straw mulch 86.4 5.7 67.8 55.3
Paddy straw mulch
+ 1HW
88.7 6.4 73.6 66.6
Mustard straw mulch
+ 1 HW 82.4 6.4 78.6 68.9
Fluchoralin 1.0 kg / ha 88.5 5.3 67.3 58.2
Fluchoralin 1.0 kg / ha
1 HW
92.4 5.7
71.7 65.4
Un weed control 275.1 4.0 56.8 28.9
C.D ( P=0.05) 1.9 0.4 6.9 6.5
(Assam) Gogoi and Gogoi (1997)
34. Table3: Fresh weight of weeds collected during crop growth
period of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.
Moench)
Treatments Weed weight (q/ha)
Drip irrigation at 75% ET 77.62
Drip irrigation at 50% ET 55.38
Drip irrigation at 25% ET 65.36
Furrow irrigation at 40 mm
CPE
96.68
CD at 5% 7.58
Vellanikkara (Kerala) Jaikumaran and Nandini (2001)
35. Table4: Effect of mulch on total weed count, dry weight
of weeds and fruit yield of okra
(pooled data for 2 years)
Treatment Total weed
count/m2
at harvest
Dry weight of
weeds (g/m2)
Pod yield
(q/ha)
No mulch
13.70 178.14 139.64
Black PM
(50 micron) 6.73 67.02 181.04
Organic mulch
@ 5 t/ha 10.27 133.08 161.21
CD (P=0.05)
2.28 5.14 19.4
Anand (Gujarat) Patel et al., (2009)
36. Table 5: Effect of treatments on weeds dry weight and bulb yield
in garlic
Treatment Dose (kg/ha) Weed dry weight at
100DAS (g/m2)
Bulb yield
(kg/ha)
Pendimethalin 0.9 66.6 20
Pendimethalin 1.2 + mulch 12.9 538
Pendimethalin 1.2 41.4 369
Trifluralin 1.0 123.4 274
Trifluralin 1.5 + mulch 69.3 335
Trifluralin 1.5 97.1 321
Alachlor 1.0 64 308
Alachlor 1.5+ mulch 24.2 520
Alachlor 1.5 45.5 476
Hand weeding 60 DAS + mulch 18.2 424
Hand weeding 60 & 90DAS 5.3 545
Weedy check + mulch - 19.2 157
Weedy check - 20.0 143
CD at 5 % 11.71 34
Palampur (HP) Sharma and Sharma (2005)
37. Table 6: Weed density and crop growth influenced by
weed control treatments in chilli
Treatments Dose
(kg /ha)
Weed density
(No. /m2)
Dry weight of
chilli
Fluchloralin 0.75 60 5.3
Fluchloralin 1.0 42 5.7
Pendimethalin 0.5 38 5.9
Pendimethalin 0.75 20 6.3
Pendimethalin 1.0 13 6.6
Oxyfluorfen 0.1 18 6.5
Oxyfluorfen 0.2 17 6.2
Hand weeding twice - 0 6.7
Weedy check - 154 3.4
CD at 5 % 5.7 0.2
Mandor (Rajasthan ) Yadav et al., (2000)
39. Table 8: Total weed dry matter accumulation and weed density at
15, 30 and 45 DAS after the film had been removed in brinjal
Solarization
times (days)
15 DAS after film
removed
30 DAS after film
removed
45 DAS after film
removed
Weed
density
(No. /m2)
Weed dry
matter
(g/m2)
Weed
density
(No. /m2)
Weed dry
matter
(g/m2)
Weed
density
(No. /m2)
Weed
dry
matter
(g/m2)
0 145 142 238 245 248 242.1
25 73 88.1 125 125.8 103 108.6
35 22 41.4 30 30.7 24 19.6
45 17 22.5 22 22.6 13 10.4
CD at 5 % 21 20.0 39.1 32.2 12.7 44.3
PAU (Ludhiana) Mahajan et al., (2005)
40. Table 9: Effect of weed control treatments on the, yield attributes
and yield of brinjal during 1999-2000
Treatments
(kg/ha)
No. of fruit/
plant
Length of fruit
(cm)
Fruit yield
(t/ha)
Fluchloralin @ 0.5 12.83 11.00 12.55
Fluchloralin @ 0.75 13.33 9.83 11.48
Pendimethalin @ 1.0 14.43 10.20 11.79
Pendimethalin @ 2.0 14.33 10.96 12.99
Oxadiazon @ 0.5 14.67 11.03 15.14
Oxadiazon @ 0.75 16.50 11.07 15.66
Alachlor @ 2.0 16.17 11.03 15.11
Alachlor @ 2.5 16.67 11.27 15.40
Soil Solarization 22.00 11.80 18.12
Hand weeding thrice 30,60 & 90 DAT 19.67 11.60 16.69
Weed free check 21.50 11.80 17.07
Unweed control 10.00 8.57 8.76
LSD(P=0.05) 4.998 1.1794 1.787
Kumarakom (Kerala) Syriac and Geetha (2007)
41. Treatments Nota Bulb wt (g) Bulb yield
(q/ha)
Oxyflurofen 23.5EC @ 2ml/lit before planting and
second application at 30 DAT
T1 55.27 175.21
Oxyflurofen 23.5EC @ 2ml/lit before planting and
quizalofop ethyl 5EC @ 3.5 ml/lit at 30 DAT
T2 55.43 170.37
Oxyflurofen 23.5EC @ 1 ml/lit and quizalofop
ethyl 5EC @ 1.75 ml/lit at planting and at 30 DAT
T3 58.60 157.00
Pendimethalin 30EC @ 5.0 ml/lit before planting
and at 30 DAT
T4 63.50 143.66
Pendimethalin 30EC @ 5ml/lit before planting +
and quizalofop ethyl 5EC @ 3.5 ml/lit at 30 DAT
T5 64.10 175.33
Pendimethalin 30EC @ 2.5ml /lit and quizalofop
ethyl 5EC @ 1.75 ml/ lit at planting and at 30 DAT
T6 56.47 202.20
Oxyflurofen 23.5EC @ 2ml/ lit before planting and
HW at 40-60 DAT
T7 65.40 211.68
Weedy check T8 48.77 110.41
CD at 5 % 3.23 10.27
Table 10- Weed management studies in onion
Udit Kumar (2014), Bihar
43. Vegetables are important crops and
people should accept economic and
effective weed control in vegetable
cultivation.
Weeds can be managed by adopting
cultural, mechanical, chemical, soil
solarization or integrated weed
management approach in vegetable
crops.
45. •Different bio-herbicides should be checked
and tested for weed management in
vegetable crop.
•Herbicide mixtures to be developed based on
the proper testing under field conditions.
•Carry over effect of herbicides on weeds and
succeeding crops need to be assessed.
•Residue of herbicides also to be detect in
vegetable crops.
