3. 1. Afghanistan - It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the
east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan
in the north, and China in the far northeast.
2. Kyrgyzstan – It is a Landlocked and mountainous,
Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan
to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east.
Its capital and largest city is Bishkek.
3. Tajikistan - Afghanistan borders it to the
south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north,
and China to the east.
4. Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan is one of the six
independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the
southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the
east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and
the Caspian Sea to the west.
5. Uzbekistan - It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west
and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east,
and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south.

4.  Aral Sea – was once the forth largest lake in
the world with an area of 68 000 square
kilometers, the Aral Sea has been steadily
shrinking since the 1960’s.

5.  Amu Darya River - also called Oxus and Amu
River, is a major river in Central Asia. During
ancient times, the river was regarded as the
boundary between Ariana (Iran) and Tūrān.

6.  Lake Balkhash is one of the largest lakes in Asia
and 13th largest continental lake in the world. It
is located in southeastern Kazakhstan, in Central
Asia, and belongs to an closed basin shared by
Kazakhstan and China, with a small part
in Kyrgyzstan.

7. 1. Karakum – the sandy desert of the Garagum
occupies over 70% of Turkmenistan. Its surface
consists of wind sculpted dunes and depressions.

8. 2. Tien Shan mountains – It mainly straddles
border between China and Krygyzstan and
bisects the ancient territory of Turkistan.
The highest peak in Tien Shan is Victory
Peak which is 7439 meters.

9. 3. Pamir – lie mainly in Tajikistan. Their highest
point at 7495 meter is Communism Peak
because it was the highest peak in the
former Soviet Union. They have been known
as the “Roof of the World.”

10.  In Kazakhstan. It is a home to 3% of the world’s oil,
4% of the world’s coal and 15% of its uranium. It
has the world’s largest reserves of zinc, lead and
chromite, and it is in the top ten for supplies of
copper, iron, gold and manganese.
 Turkmenistan is also rich in energy, with almost
4.5% of the world’s natural gas. It also has 500
million barrels of oil.
 Uzbekistan has significant natural gas reserves,
about 0.8% of the world’s total

11.  Islam is the religion most common in the Central
Asian Republics, Afghanistan, Xinjiang and the
peripheral western regions, such as Bashkiria.
 Buddhism was a prominent religion in Central
Asia prior to the arrival of Islam, and
the transmission of Buddhism along the Silk
Road eventually brought the religion to China.
Amongst the Turkic peoples, Tengrianism was
the popular religion before arrival of Islam.
 Shamanism is also popular.

12.  50% of the population can speak Kazakh.
 88% of the population can speak Russian.
 2% of the population can speak English.
 Turkmen, is mainly spoken in Turkmenistan, and as a
minority language in Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey.
Arts:
 Central Asia also has an indigenous form of oral
poetry that is over 1000 years old. It is principally
practiced in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. An example
of this is Manas Kyrgyzstan's epic poem.
 Painting, sculpture and graphics - have developed in
Central Asia.

13.  The main contribution to the regional
economy comes from agriculture.
Increasing of difficulties related with water
deficiency, desertification of the land and
climate changing lead to considerable
complications in the agricultural sector
making it ineffective.