this post is about the newastle disease which facing the poultry around the world i mix the acadimic with my field studies with my own photo

1. New castle disease viruses
written by dr abdelaziz abdelftah
avian poultry consultant of middle east
editor of the poultry disease for the future
poultry consultant Owner of the advisory veterinary lab for
the avian disease digresses – Egypt.
Dr abdelaziz poultry lab @ yahoo.com
tel : 0020123189524

2. New castle disease viruses
This is septicemic deadly virus of poultry which affect
chicken " especially younger ones" - Turkey – quills – pigeon
and rarely duck.
This viruses is belonged to Family called paramoxy viruses
sero type I ( A P M v-1(
Paramoxy viruses classified into:
A- paramoxy virus ( pro type . ND viruses(
B- paramoxy virus ( respiratory form(
C- Morbili virus ( measles form(
all paramoxy virus consists from:
N.D is enveloped viruses have -- ve sense single
stranded RNA of ( 13 kb(
Have two types of spikes haemoagglutine &
Neuromindize ( six genes( which contain.
6viral structural
F .Protein
N
H . N M . Protein

3. *The viral (F( .protein brings about fusion between the viral
membrane and the cell membrane so the viral genes enters
the cell and replicate in it and during replication N.D
particles are produced with a precursors glycoprotein ( F(
that has to be cleaved to F 1 , F2 glycoprotein.
*in case of Avian influenze , the penetration occur by
areceptor mediated endocytocsis mechanizms which could
be affected by the affect of essential oil on the attachment
mechanizm of the viruses by the effecting the configuration
of the heamagglutine protein.
Newcastle disease virus virulence is measured by.
)1(The virus has an intra cebral pathogenicity index ( ICPI( in
day old chick (gallus gallus( of (0.7( or greater.
)2(multiple basic aminoacids either directly or by deduction at
the C . terminus of the F2 protein so the virus considered as
septicemic deadly viruses.

4. A - Classification of the virus acc to its virulence into
1-lentogenic strain
low in virulence*
2-mesogenic strain
moderate in its virulence as (komorove & Roakin* (
3-velogenic strain ( Doyls form & Roakin(
very virulence as (GBtexas & Herts*(
B – according To Tissue morphizm
1-neurotropic viruses
2-pneumotropic viruses
3-vesrotropic viruses
4-panotropic viruses
C- acc to name:
Doyl's form (entiric form* (
*Beach form
Beate detos form*
*Hitchner form
*Asymptomatic form
General Clinical signs of N . D viruses infection differs according to
A- immunostatus of bird at time of exposure.

5. B- the age of the flock
Young birds are more affected than aged ones.
c - the degree of exposure of flock to the virus
D – The General healthy condition of the flock at
time of exposure as appearance in case of
mycotoxicosis.
The clinical signs:
)1(unusual quietness of birds and the birds huddle with each
other ( 24 hrs ( before the clinical signs become evident
especially at early morning.
)2(appearance of sudden respiratory manifestation ( rating
sound(
)3(feed and water intake is decreased by increasing severity
which reach to its half amount than normal ( normally broiler
Copy rights ( dr .
abdelaziz
(photo 1(

6. birds eat about 150 gm per a day at 30 day which rich to 65
gm peraday in case of N.D infection.
)4(appearance of watery greenish dirrhaee and in some cases
bloody dirrhaee
)5(coughing , gasping and rating sound which may
appears incase of the in the mesogenic form due to the
appearance of the neuraminidase enzymes and this material
decrease viscosity of the liquid which appears in the
epithelial tissue of the respiratory system which leads to
opening of receptors and going of this liquid downly to lung.
)6(in neurological form appearance of early neurological
signs as the tortcolitis ( star gasping( which affect the
cerebillium and brain stem producing multi focal glial
nodules and necrosis.
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abdelaziz
(photo 2(
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abdelaziz
(photo 3(

7. )7(appearance of spasmodic paralysis of Mm.
)8(appearance of perching reflex as absence of nerves reflex
of the toe legs when putten on finger ( but in normal
condition when we put of legs on our finger they will catch
down in opposite direction to finger.
.
)9(appearance of lamness ( relactant to stand or move and
appearance of complete paralysis of legs which occur as drop
of first wing then 2nd
wing beside the incoordination of
movement of flock and this called ( dragging of legs.(
(photo 4(
(photo 5(

8. )10(with increase of severity of virus infection and
appearance of viramic stage the mortility is increased
which reach to high number then stable at the high level in
the second day then decline gradually and feed and water
increase again and birds scatter again in the farm and
respiratory manifestion will decreased again.
*and this curve take about 8 days from its beginning but
in case of avian flu the curve of mortility is very high and
increase to its double every hours and not ended but the
curve of mortility of N.D is ended if the N . D is appears
only without any secondary bacterial infection or any
viruses infection accompanied.
)11(in peracute form ( asymptomatic form appears as many
poultry dead from N. D viruses without symptoms and this
occur if the birds has higher degree of immunity against the
viruses.
)in layers(
1-Sudden drop in egg production reach to zero and may lasts
for 4-8 weeks.
2-Affect on egg quality egg" shell discoloration which
considered as one of the first signs of N.D include the

9. reproductive tract of the breeders hen and this sign more
appear in brown egg layers . and if the infection is severe the
shell become fragile and abnormalities occur in shape size
and after signs of N.D disappear the egg production is
decreased also for about 4-8 weeks later

10. )P.M lesions(
)1(N .D viruses leads to profuse bleeding as it leads to
analysis of R.B.C s.
)2(appearance of pin point necrotic focii scattered on
epidural fat of the leg muscles
3-severe viramea which leads to bloody appearance of the
musculture of the bird Mm and the bird takes ( feverished
appearance(
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abdelaziz
(photo 6(
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abdelaziz
(photo7(

11. )4(bleeding into the tracheal mucosa ( hommorragic trachitis
as in case of acute form of N . D viruses
)5-(appearance of pink swollen eye and swollen eye lids
with abnormal fluid and faschial oedmae appearance – foamy
nasal discharge and accumulation of liquid in trachea.
Copy rights ( dr .
abdelaziz
(photo 8(

12. 6-lung is congested and appearance of cloudy air sac and
exudates present on lung and wipe pipe and acute
inflammation of air passages and this called trypling air sacs
which called the pneumonia
7-appearance of profuse
intestinal and muscular
himmorrage called the viramea and
appearances of pin point
hemorrhagic ulcers called ( Doyls
form ( which scattered through the
intestinal tract and when this
lesion appears confirm that the
viruses present in the farm for
about 4 : 7 days and this is
important in using the emergency
vaccination to be of value or not.
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abdelaziz
(photo 9(
Copy rights ( dr . abdelaziz
(photo10(
Copy rights ( dr . abdelaziz
(photo11(

13. 8-appearance of bluish & reddish necrotic raised area at
the lymphoid tissue especially blind sac (cecaltonsils(
9-appearance of homorrhage on the tips of gizzard and around
the surface.
10-appearance of the petchal hommorrhage on the sub pleral
fat and heart fat.
)photo 12(
Copy rights ( dr . abdelaziz
)photo 13(

14. 11-clocal lesion:
Appearance of multiple
randomly distrubited well
demarcated hommorragic
erosions and ulcers and this
ulcers present on the mucosa of
cloacae with overlying fibrin
accumulation.
To differentiate the fibrin from
digestea by washing the lesion
the digesta go out but fibrin is
still appears.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesion in layers:
Appearance of necrotic
foccii on ova.
Hommorrage on the ova.
Shelless egg.
Colour of eggs is changed
especially in brown egg
breeds which turned to
colourless eggs.
)photo 14(
)photo 15(

15. Diagnosis of the virus:
1-isolation and identification of the virus.
)a) samples taking from infected flock.
take the swabs from trachea ( 10 sample) and 10 swabs from
clocae at age of 22 – 28 days of age for PCR.
taking of blood samples from the jugular vien for serology and
H.I Test which is used for antibody number against N.D viruses
infection ( ANON 1971(
molecular Basis of viral virulence ( Rott and klent) it is possible
to use the nucleotide sequencing technique to asses whether or
not an isolate has the genetic make up to be highly pathogenic for
poultry( Collins 1993(
according the HI. test the minimum protection level is mean
antibody an of log 20 ( anon 1971(
)schmit 1955 ) studied the relationship of HI. titrc and
the protection capacity as HI titre up to 16 failed to resist
the challenge infection adequate antipathy (HI) titre of 2
3
or greater which is the minimum standard to give
protection to N.D viruses for birds less than (18 w) and
( 25
) or greater for birds above 48 weeks or older.

16. Epidemiological group meaning
It is a group of bird is deemed to the same epidemiological
group if the following criteria are present as:
a- All birds in the group are vaccinated at the same day.
B- all birds in the group were vaccinated using the same
vaccine ( same lot / batch no(
C – all birds in the group are of the same age.
D – all birds in the group are of the same spp.
E– biosecurity measured are the same.
Immunity and vaccination against the N. D virus:
A- maternal antibody of N . D viruses
Chicks from vaccinated parent Stock contained high level
of maternally derived antibody which ranged from 285.51 –
289.43) at day old and then degrade gradually below
protection level within 15- 20 days after hatching and
maternal derived antibody decline about half every 5 days (
Allan etal 1978) as 2 fold decay in maternally derived
antibody every (5) days.
Maternal antibody neutralize the introduced vaccine antigen
rendering the vaccine ineffective ( awang et al 1992)
immunoresponse was nil at high titre of maternal antibody.
B- humeral Immuroresponse against N . D ( I9M & 19 G(
Maternal antibody neutralize the introduced vaccine . antigen
rending the vaccine ineffective ( awanget el 19(
Immunoresponse wall be nil at high titre of maternal
antibody.

17. This curve refers to the normal declination of the
broiler bird immunity at the age from 25 until 27
day and then go normally to rise from day 28 and
this period is very dangerous in the virus infection
2324252627282930
Immunity
Days

18. Blockage mechanism phenomanah of Newcastle virus
By . dr abdelaziz Abd elftah
This phenomanah characteristic to N. D viruses as
appearance of the competition between the field viruses of
N.D and the adapted viruses of the vaccine which used
against N. D.
Once one of them reach to the target cells in the receptors
specialized for N . D will block it and prevent the other
virus to enter.
This phenomanah is useful in making emergency vaccination
against N . D but this occur under certain condition as.
When the virus of vaccine enter the cells at first
before the filed virus the birds will survive and the
field virus fail to be pathogenic and appears of good immune
system.
But when the opposite occur and field virus enter the cells
befor the virus of vaccine so the bird will dead.
And this depends up on the days of infection and the delay of
diagnosis.
S
O

19. Emergency vaccination of N .D is useless as
incubation period reach from ( 1-3 days) but under stress
and environmental problems and appearance of mycotoxin
in feed or other stre ssfull condition the immune system of
the bird will be weak and the infection takes only 24 hrs to
appears.
virus in when present in the intestinal tract or in
respiratory tract is very weak and emergency vaccination
will be usefull but once enter the blood and go to the viramic
stage ( which takes 4 days ) the emergency vaccnation will
make the so called ( virus challange ) and will be deadly to
birds.
From our field experience if you have a good
common sense in the first diagnosis of N.D by clinical signs
and Hi test & serology and isolation through the first 24 hrs
the vaccinator is will be useful.
But if you delayed in diagnosis of the case and appearance of
decreasing of feed intake and water and appearance of
Respirotory manifestation and greenish dirrhaee.
The vaccination is forbidden.
S
O
S
O
S
O

20. How to deal with the case affected by N. D
viruses and we delayed in its diagnosis:
You must let the viruses to take its severity period photo
and then the bird will recovery from itself and you must in this
period concern on using:
1-liver and kidney support derivatives.
2-giving of immuostimulator drugs to bird.
3-good hygenic ventilation control.
You must take care from the using of the antibiotics &
injection ( espercilly in the respiratory manifestion which
appears as atrap for the farmers and veterinarian.
From our expereience we spray on birds piperment oil
and ecupltus derivatives and iodine prepartion at night to
decrease the respiratory manifestion problems and to decrease
the incidence of enterance of other avian ( flu & IB) in affected
area with N. D infection period.

21. Vaccination control:
Each vaccine againist N . D should contain not less
than ( 10 6
EID / ml(
ICPI
ND 6/10 0.25
VG / GG 0.3
HB 0.2
Cloned 58 ( Hitchner ) 0.2
Lassota 0.4
Cloned lassota 0.4
PATHOGENATYICPIVSTRAIN
Apath0.0-0.16PHyl Mv 0.4
Apath0.15Ulster st.
Apath0.15VH
Lentogenic0.2HB
Lentogenic0.35VG/ G.A
Lentogenic0.4Lassota
Type of vaccine
Live vaccine:
A- lentognic form
each vaccine should not contain less than ( 106
EID so ml(
ColoneHB1lossota
ICPI 0.4ICPI 0.2ICPI 0.4
Protect chicks w or
without maternal
*No adequate
protection
Highly affect on
protecting chicken

22. immunity*Gives local
immunity
wout maternal
antibody
respiratory tract
onlyRespiratory tract
Predlication site the
respiratory tract and
mesentry
ColoneHBIlossota
Causes minimal
vaccinireaction
even app in one day
.
Mild respiratory
reaction
Cause sever
systemic distress
which resulting in
increase the
moritility and
delayed weight if
given at early ages
Vaccination w
lassota is preferable
at age of 18 days old
chicks not less than
as maternal
immunity at age of
4 days will be 2
6
and
at age of 9 days 2
5
and at age of 18
days 2
3
Injection of live viruses as lassota leads to a wide range
Of affection in the flock as
1-high antibody
2-stress response
3-neutralization ( antibody free(
B- mesogenic form:

23. 1-Using of komorove which used as awing stab a
administration.
2-You must give good and sufficient primary dose
of N. D before using of komorove by ocular
technique by sufficient time . to take good result
from using of komorove but if the primary
vaccination . has been failed and we use komorove
which gives sever post vaccination reaction and
sever range of bad effect.
3-mesogenic strain ( is preferable to not applied
before 10-12 weeks(

24. 2-killed ( inactivated vaccine(
)Good in decreasing of susceptibility of birds to N. D
viruses.
)A) When injected sub/cut or intramuscular work
immediately but reach to its peak of action after is days of
injection.
)B) it is preferable . to vaccinate both live and killed vaccine to
reach the so called hyper immunization procedure.
Using of killed and live vaccine to induce hyperimmunizatiom
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Unvaccinated birds
ylno eniccav eviL
delliKylno eniccav
) gnisu eniccav dellik dna eviL)