For diploma students

1. THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (DDS 111)
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Compiled by Mr. Nahoda, A.M
1

2. GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Definitions of the basic concepts
Gender agents
Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania

3. Definitions of the basic concepts

4. Definitions of the basic concepts
Gender is the social attributes
and opportunities associated
with being male and female
and the relationships between
women and men and girls and
boys, as well as the relations
between women and those
between men.

6. Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender division of labour
refers to the classification
and allocation of tasks for
women and men in
managing domestic and
community activities.

7. Female pilots landed in KSA where
women are not allowed to drive a car

8. Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender stereotyping These are one-sided and
exaggerated images of men and women
which are deployed repeatedly in everyday
life.
• The term ‘stereotyping’ implies making
unwarranted generalisations from sex
differences and making too much of them.

9. Submissive
Dependent
Emotional
Receptive
Intuitive
Weak
Timid
Content
Passive
Cooperative
Sensitive
Faithful
Gossip
clean
Dominant
Independent
Rational
Assertive
Analytical
Strong
Brave
Ambitious
Active
Competitive
Insensitive
Cheater
Gender stereotype

10. Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender equality refers to
equal and fair treatment
of women and men
members of a community
in provision and access to
goods and services
required to meet their
social needs

11. Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender equality entails the concept that all human
beings, both men and women, are free to develop their
personal abilities and make choices without the
limitations set by stereotypes, rigid gender roles, or
prejudices. Gender equality means that the different
behaviours, aspirations and needs of women and men
are considered, valued and favoured equally. It does not
mean that women and men have to become the same,
but that their rights, responsibilities and opportunities
will not depend on whether they are born male or female

13. There are fewer women in the house of
representative and cabinet

14. Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender Equity is synonymous with fair
opportunity in access to social services.
Gender equity therefore means fair
opportunity and access to social services for
both women and men.

16. Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender blind : This is a
conscious or
unconscious way of
doing or saying things
without recognizing or
considering differences
in position, needs and
feelings based on
gender

17. Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender bias:
occurs when there are gender
disparities and differential
treatments given to people on
the basis of sex such as
resources and opportunities
for better life.

18. Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender oppression is a
result of imbalance of
power between women and
men. Gender oppression
occurs when one sex is
treated in cruel, harsh
manner or made to feel
uncomfortable or unhappy
in socio-economic and
political life.

19. Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender violence refers to any act, omission or
conduct by means of which physical, sexual or
mental suffering is inflicted directly or indirectly,
through threat, coercion, or any other means on
any person with the purpose of intimidating,
punishing, humiliating, maintaining sex
stereotyped roles, undermining the security of a
person, self respect or diminishing physical or
mental capacities

20. GBV are not always physical

21. GENDER AGENTS
• Gender socialization is the process of educating and
instructing potential males and females as to the
norms, behaviors, values, etc. of group membership
• Gender agent include : families, schools, peer groups,
mass media, religious institutions, work place etc.
• These agent provide both formal and informal
“training”

22. GENDER AGENTS
• Gender role socialization
is the lifelong process of
learning to be masculine
or feminine, primarily
through four main agents
of socialization:
• families, schools,
peers, and media.
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23. FAMILIES
• Social learning theory suggests
that the babies and children
learn behaviors and meanings
through social interaction and
internalize the expectations of
those around them.

24. FAMILIES
• Through close interaction with parents and small number
of others, child:
 Learns to think and speak
 Internalizes norms, beliefs, and values
 Learns gender roles
 Develops capacity for intimate and personal relationships
• Cross-culturally, it is okay for girls to choose boy toys, but
not vice versa.

25. • Schools also socialize children into their
gender roles.
• For instance, research shows that teachers
treat boys and girls differently.
• This may teach children that there are
different expectations of them, based on their
sex.

26. SCHOOLS
• Adjust children to their social order
• Build character through formal curriculum and
Informal teaching that helps ensure students’
integration into society
• Reinforce gender roles*

27. PEER GROUPS
• Peer group: Individuals usually of
same age who enjoy approximately
equal status
Only agent of socialization in
childhood and youth not controlled
mainly by adults…*
In childhood, formed largely by
accident of association. Later in life,
tend to choose peer groups based on
certain criteria

28. THE MASS MEDIA
• Create, manage, and
control impressions
of what is deemed
important and real

29. THE MASS MEDIA
• May inadvertently
perpetuate stereotypes
• May teach individuals
to become obedient
consumers
• Media affect people
image of themselves
and of the world
around them

30. GENDER MAINSTREAMING
• Gender mainstreaming is a strategy/means for
achieving gender equality.
• The approach seeks to reorganize and restructure
policies, institutions, and social programs by taking
women’s and men’s perspectives, experiences, and
needs into consideration.
• Gender mainstreaming does not replace, but
supplements, specific targeted interventions to
address gender inequality such as affirmative action.

31. Why do we need Gender Mainstreaming?
Gender
Inequlity
Gender
differentiated
needs,
interests, etc.
Gender
differentiated
division of labour
Society and
family’s gender
differentiated
expectations

32. Gender mainstreaming strategies
• The mainstreaming strategy seeks to ensure that gender
considerations are routinely included in the assessment of
policy issues, options and impacts, along with other
considerations such as socio-economic dimensions.
• It also routinely seeks increased gender equality as one of
the policy outcomes, along with growth, efficiency, poverty
reduction, and sustainability.
• This requires the inclusion of gender perspectives at several
points in the policy process.

33. Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
• Tanzania has signed various international
human rights instruments such as:
 1979- CEDAW
1989- Convention on the Rights of Child (CRC);
1995- Beijing Platform of Action
1998-SADC Declaration on Gender and
Development,
2003- African Charter of Human and Peoples
Rights etc

34. Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
• The signing of conventions bind Tanzania morally,
and legally to adhere to equity policies
and non discriminatory policies in the
development process.

35. Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
• GOT has ratified ILO Declaration on the
Fundamental Principles and Human Rights at work.
These instruments bind the government morally and
legally to pursue non- discriminatory policies and
development programmes and processes.
• GOT vision (2025), which has been operationalised
through PRSP I and II (MKUKUTA), has addressed
gender in the key outcomes areas and targets.

36. Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
• In 1990 The Ministry of Community Development,
Gender and Children was established as the
national machinery for spearheading gender
development in the country.
• In 2000 and 2004 the Government amended the
1977 Constitution among other things, to
increase women’s participation in the National
Parliament and Local Authorities.

37. Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
• The Government also formulated the Women and
Gender Development Policy (2000) to put more
emphasis on the Women in Development Policy (WID)
(1992) in line with the Beijing Platform for Action.
• GOT formulated a National Strategy for Gender
Development (NSGD) to ensure effective
implementation of the Women and Gender
Development Policy, and to promote gender equality
and equity

38. Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
• Legal frame work: GOT has established the
Human Rights and Good Governance Commission,
amended the Public Leadership Code of Ethics
• GOT has passed laws to protect women, girls and
children. These are:
The Sexual Offences (Special Provisions) Act No. 8
of 1998,

39. Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
the Land Act No. 4 of 1999 and Village Land
Act No. 5 of 1999. Other laws are being
reviewed.
These include the Marriage Act No. 5 of 1971,
Succession and Inheritance Laws and laws
relating to children.

40. Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
• Government reform Programmes taken
gender as one of the components. For
instance, the civil service reforms education
etc. Other specific gender programmes in
the education, health, water, agricultural
sectors and TACAIDS.

41. Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
• GOT has adopted the Gender Budgeting
Initiative (GBI) and including gender in
budget guidelines, It is also involving CSOs in
the engendering of budget
• There is collaborative efforts between
CSOs actors and individual Government
sectors e.g. Campaign promoting women
and girls right

42. S. Question
1. Discuss the measures taken by the
revolutionary government of Zanzibar in
Mainstreaming gender in education, health
and political representation.
2. Discuss the implications of the gender
concepts you have learned in DDS 111
lectures.