3. Table of
contents:
• What is “speaking”?
• Major speech types
• Speaking involves
• Linguistic elements
• Difficult aspects of speaking
• What is “teaching speaking”
• Skills of oral communication
• Phenomena effecting spoken abilities
• Characteristics and abilities of a good language teacher
• Principles and types of speaking
• Activities for teachers
• Frameworks for planning speaking lesson
• Lesson plan sample
• Suggestions for Teachers
• Activities for students
4. What is “speaking”?
Speaking is an interactive process
of constructing meaning that
involves producing, receiving and
processing information (Brown,
1994)
OR
The action of conveying
information or expressing one's
feelings in speech
6. Speaking involves
Appropriate correct Body
Vocabulary expressions pronunciation word order language tone
register (degree of politeness) facial expressions
8. What makes
speaking
difficult?
• Clustering
• Redundancy
• Reduced Forms
• Performance Variables
• Colloquial Language
• Rate of Delivery
• Stress, Rhythm, and
Intonation
• Interaction
Solution is? Yes! teach learners
to overcome these difficulties
9. What Is "Teaching
Speaking"?
-An effective teaching
program which skilled
learners in Micro and
Macro ways of oral
communications
10. Prototypical
Micro skills of
oral
communication
chunks of languageProduce
oral differences (among the English phonemes and allophonic
variants)Produce
English stress patterns, rhythmic structure, and intonational contoursProduce
reduced forms of words and phrasesProduce
own oral production and use various strategic devicesMonitor
grammatical word classes, systems, word order, patterns, rules, and
elliptical formsUse
speech in natural constituents in appropriate phrases, pause groups,
breath groups, and sentencesProduce
11. Some important
Macro skills of
oral
communication
Use cohesive devices in spoken discourse
Accomplish appropriately communicative functions according to
situations
Use appropriate sociolinguistic features in face-to-face
conversations
Convey links and connections between events and communicate
such relation
Use facial features along with verbal language to convey meanings
Develop and use a battery of speaking strategies, such as
emphasizing key words and rephrasing etc.
Ability to produce language in real life or to use it as a means to do
other jobs
12. Normal phenomena affecting
spoken abilities of students:
that teacher should know………
Inference
ELL children may manifest interference or transfer from their first language (L1)
to English (L2). This means that a child may make an English error due to the
direct influence of an L1 structure.
Silent period:
When students are first exposed to a second language, frequently they focus
on listening and comprehension.
Code switching:
Many children who are ELLs also engage in a behavior known as code-
switching. This involves changing languages over phrases or sentences.
Language loss:
As they learn English, they lose skills and fluency in L1 if their L1 is not
reinforced and maintained.
Social and Academic Language:
Two years to acquire Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS).
Five to seven years to acquire Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
(CALP) , or the context-reduced language of academics
13. The characteristics and abilities of a good language teacher
• Know well about lesson planning (Pitch and pace),
Questioning and vocabulary techniques
• Develops the skills of the students
• EMI teachers need to be language aware
• Teachers need to use advance organizers and
transition markers
• Able to judge the correct level of work for the
students
• Warmth, care and meet good relationships
• Good humour
• Effectively monitor activities
14. Principles
(teaching
speaking
platform)
BEWARE OF THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
SECOND LANGUAGE
AND FOREIGN
LANGUAGE LEARNING
CONTEXTS
GIVE STUDENTS
MAXIMUM LEVEL OF
PRACTICE WITH BOTH
FLUENCY AND
ACCURACY
PROVIDE
OPPORTUNITIES FOR
STUDENTS TO TALK BY
USING WORK OR PAIR
WORK AND LIMITING
TEACHER TALK
PLAN SPEAKING TASKS
THAT INVOLVE
NEGOTIATION FOR
MEANING
DESIGN CLASS ROOM
ACTIVITIES THAT
INVOLVES GUIDANCE
AND PRACTICE IN BOTH
TRANSACTIONAL AND
INTERACTIONAL
SPEAKING
ESL TEACHERS SHOULD
CREATE A CLASSROOM
ENVIRONMENT WHERE
STUDENTS HAVE REAL-
LIFE COMMUNICATION,
AUTHENTIC ACTIVITIES,
AND MEANINGFUL
TASKS THAT PROMOTE
ORAL LANGUAGE
THE MOTIVATION IS
HIGH WITH PROVISION
OF RELAXED
ENVIRONMENT
15. Basic types of speaking Tasks for Assessing Speaking
Imitative
Minimal pair repetition
Word/phrase repetition
Sentence repetition
Intensive
Directed response
Read-aloud (for either pronunciation or fluency)
Oral sentence completion
Oral cloze procedure
Dialogue completion
Directed response
Picture-cued elicitation of a grammatical item
Translation of a word, phrase, or sentence or two
Responsive
Picture-cued elicitation of response or description
Map-cued elicitation of directions
Question and answer
Question elicitation
Elicitation of instructions
Paraphrasing
Interactive
Oral interviews
Role plays
Discussions and conversations
Games
Extensive
18. Typical ENCOUNTER activities (ESA)
• Brainstorming
• Describing a picture or pictures
• Using the people and things in the
classroom
• Learning a dialogue
• Watch and follow a model
• Elicitation from students of vocabulary
they already know
• Word map
• Story telling
19. Typical INTERNALIZATION and FLUENCY
activities (EIF)
• Pair conversations
• Games
• Information gaps
• Interviews/surveys
• Mixers (“cocktail party”)
• Dialogues (internalize activity only)
• Role plays (usually only for fluency)
• Simulations
• Discussions
20. 2) Activity for teachers (Pair work)
What are the steps you have to go through to teach someone to ride a bike?
Discuss with your partner and come up with a list of steps:
Introduce learner to bike
assess prior knowledge asks learner about parts of bike Encounter
introduce key concepts
model the task/skills for learner
controlled practice – trainer holds bike while leaner rides
Internalization
less controlled practice – trainer removes support gradually so learner can internalize
learner rides bike with out support from trainer
learner is given a task that demonstrates his/her ability such as: Fluency
Ride the bike to the store and buy two ice cream cones.
22. 3) Activity for teachers:
(Instructed from teacher’s
guide)
Work with a partner:
a-Take turns to describe a family
celebration you remember well.
Think about:
-the place
-the people
-food and drink
-people's clothes
b-Do you think it is important for the
family members to meet on
important occasions? Give reasons.
23. Suggestions for Teachers that can help to
improve response in students
• Reduce teacher speaking time in class while increasing student
speaking time. Step back and observe students.
• Do not correct students' pronunciation mistakes very often
while they are speaking. Correction should not distract student
from his or her speech.
• Involve speaking activities not only in class but also out of class;
contact parents and other people who can help.
• Circulate around classroom to ensure that students are on the
right track and see whether they need your help while they
work in groups or pairs.
• Provide the vocabulary before hand that students need in
speaking activities.
• Diagnose problems faced by students who have difficulty in
expressing themselves in the target language and provide more
opportunities to practice the spoken language.
• Indicate positive signs when commenting on a student's
response.
• Provide written feedback like "Your presentation was really
great. It was a good job. I really appreciated your efforts in
preparing the materials and efficient use of your voice…“
