1. PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC
ADNAN MURAD BHAYO

2. Before 1800

3. OTTO VON GUERICKE
His major scientific achievements were the
establishment of the physics of vacuums,
the discovery of an experimental method
for clearly demonstrating electrostatic
repulsion, and his advocacy of the reality of
"action at a distance" and of "absolute
space"

4. R O B E R T B OY L E
Founders of modern chemistry, and one of the
pioneers of modern experimental scientific
method.
He is best known for Boyle's law, which describes
the inversely proportional relationship between
the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the
temperature is kept constant within a closed
system

5. He is famous for his
invention of the first
commercially used steam
powered engine
THOMAS SAVERAY

6. He came close to finding absolute zero.
Absolute zero is the lower limit of
the thermodynamic temperature scale, a
state at which the enthalpy and entropy of
a cooled ideal gas reaches its minimum
value, taken as 0.
GUILLAURNE AMANTONS

7. Introduced term Latent Heat (Latent heat is
energy released or absorbed, by a body or a
thermodynamic system, during a constant-
temperature process) and specific heat
(The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit
mass required to raise the temperature by one
degree Celsius)
JOSEPH BLACK

8. 1800-1847

9. JOHN LESLIE
Sir John Leslie observes that,
black surface radiates heat
more effectively than a
polished surface, suggesting
the importance of black body
radiation

10. ROBERT BROWN
He introduced a word Brownian
Motion.
Brownian motion is the random
motion of particles suspended in
a fluid (a liquid or a gas) resulting
from their collision with the
quick atoms or molecules in the gas
or liquid

11. JOSEPH LOSSAC
Gay-Lussac first formulated
the law, Gay-Lussac's Law,
stating that “if the mass and
volume of a gas are held
constant then gas pressure
increases linearly as the
temperature rises”

12. EMILE CLAPEYRON
Emile Clapeyron popularises Carnot's
work through a graphical and analytic
formulation.
He also combined Boyle's
Law, Charles's Law, and Gay-Lussac's
Law to produce a Combined Gas Law
PV/T = k

13. HENRI VICTOR
Henri Victor Regnault
added Avogadro's Law to
the Combined Gas Law to
produce the Ideal Gas
Law
PV = nRT

14. 1848-1948

15. WILLIUM RANKINE
Introduce thermodynamic function,
later identified as entropy (a measure
of the number of specific ways in
which a thermodynamic system may
be arranged, commonly understood as
a measure of disorder )

16. RUDOLPH CLAUSIUS
Central founders of the science of
thermodynamics.
By his restatement of Sadi Carnot's
principle known as the Carnot cycle, he
put the theory of heat

17. VAN DER WAAL
Well known due to van der Waal's
equation (this equation is the sum of the
attractive or repulsive forces
between molecules (or between parts of
the same molecule) other than those due
to covalent bonds, or the electrostatic
interaction of ions with one another, with
neutral molecules, or with charged
molecules).

18. HENRY LOUIS:
He is well known by his
principle called as LECHATLIER’S
PRINCIPLE ( When a system at
equilibrium is subjected to change
in concentration, temperature, volume,
or pressure, then the system re-adjusts
itself to (partially) counteract the effect
of the applied change and a new
equilibrium is established)

19. WALTER NERNST:
Relates the voltage of electrochemical
cells to their chemical thermodynamics
Nernst equation is an equation that
relates the reduction potential of a half
cell (or the total voltage, i.e.
the electromotive force, of the full cell) at
any point in time to the standard
electrode potential, temperature, activity,
and reaction quotient of the underlying
reactions and species used.

20. One of the most eminent scientist after
Einstein.
Stephen Hawking predicts that black
holes will radiate particles with a black-
body spectrum which can cause black
hole evaporation
STEPHEN HAWKING