Sir Liwanag's Powerpoint Presentations

2. “No man is an island,”
said John Donne. A
person is a social being,
born into a group, and
lives in a social group.
Even the so-called
loners or the monks of
the Middle Ages
associated and
participated with their
fellow monks.John Donne

3. —are essential to a person’s existence. One is
born into a family, is raised up in a family, plays
in the neighborhood, goes to school, worship
with others and joins a work group and the other
associations. From the group, one acquires
personal habits, values, attitudes, and ambitions.
Social groups not only influence people’s lives
but also affect the structure of the society.

4. —consist of two or more people who interact over
time, have a sense of identity and belonging,
and have norms that make them act differently
from nonmembers.
—Sociologist observe that regularity and
uniformities in a group and analyze how the
behavior of individual is affected by the
patterned ways of the group.

5. —are a collection of people who just happen to be
in the same place at the same time.
—They are basically unstructured. Occasionally,
they may look at each other and leave a sigh of
complaint, but they are not concerned with the
feelings and attitudes of others.

6. —is a collection of people who share a particular
characteristic. They do not necessarily interact
with one another and have nothing else in
common.
—These people may be similar in any important
way like biological features and so we make
distinctions on the basis of age, sex, or race.

7. —is a group of people who think of themselves as
belonging to an identifiable social unit. The
difference between a group and a collectivity is
that a collectivity does not have a regular pattern
of interaction among members.
—Temporary groups like crowds, masses, public,
and social movements also interest sociologist.
There are clusters of people interacting with
each other but the interactions are passing or
short-lived.

8. —is a concept that social scientist has developed
for the scientific study of society, culture, and
personality is social organization. Sociologists use
the concept “organization” in two somewhat
different ways. It is used to connote a
relationship among people, and secondly, a kind
of particular social system called formal
organization.

9. • Recurrent connection between sets of activities and the
repeated tendency for one type of social activity to follow
regularly after another. A system of norms and values
govern the social activities.
• Control: Some persons control the behavior of others,
and a system of sanctions maintains orderly behavior.
• Differentiation in statuses and roles on the basis of sex,
age, and ability which may be observed in the activities
of different types of people.
• Repeated activities and behavior.

10. —People who are in close proximity or who share
common experiences around some cultural
interest or who have objectives in common tend
to interact and form groups in order to satisfy
their affectional or economics needs, have a
sense of belonging and achieve security, or to
further their political ambitions or obtain
recognition.

11. —is considered to be an important basic
concept in sociology. A variety of
definitions explain it as a social
organization based on established patterns
of social interaction between different
relationships, including parents and
children, teachers and students, employers
and employees. It is regulated via defined
norms and common values.

12. —is a component of social organization. It
refers to the results of actions that occur in
relation to a particular structure and
includes the results of the activities of
individuals occupying particular statuses.

13. —The basic element of the Filipino social structure is
kinship. It is through this structural unit of society that
much local authority, rights and obligations, and modes
of interactions are expressed, defined, ordered, and
systemized. Interpersonal and intergroup movements of
people or groups in and out of the barrios and towns are
in most cases, largerly determined by kinship. Group
alliances are likewise formed on this basis.

14. • Primary Groups tend to be small
and are characterized by emotional
intimacy among members.
—The concept “primary group” was
introduced by Charles Cooley.
—Cooley calls primary groups the
“nursery of human nature” as these
groups shape our personality and
develop a self-concept.
• Secondary Groups tend to be
larger and meet primarily for the
purpose of accomplishing some kind
of task.
Charles Cooley

15. • Gemeinschaft describes an ideal type
of small community. In these
communities, social ties are highly
valued and group values and norms
regulate the community.
• Gesellschaft is a German word that
translates to society-association. This
type of social organization occurs in
large cities and focuses on individual
needs over community needs. In these
larger, more industrial communities,
money and material goods become
more important than social ties.

16. • In-group is a group to which we belong and to which we feel
a sense of loyalty.
• Out-group is a one to which we don’t belong and to which we
don’t feel a sense of loyalty.
• Informal and Formal Groups are also classified according to
the form of organization, that is, according to the ways
members relate to one another. These are the informal groups
and the formal groups or formal organization. In some ways,
informal and formal organizations correspond to the primary-
secondary and Gemeinschaft-Gesellschaft types.

17. —is a type of formal organization
in which a rational approach is
used to handle large tasks.
Weber believed that as societies
modernize, they become more
rational, resulting in the
creation of bureaucracies. As
they industrialize, they grow
larger, which means that the
tasks to be accomplished
become more numerous and
complex.
Max
Weber

18. • Positions and offices are clearly defined and in principle, exist
independent of the incumbent or the person occupying the position.
The performance of roles by the incumbent during official hours are
according to contract.
• The personal are selected on the basis of technical or professional
qualification and expert training and competence through
competitive examination.
• Security of tenure and the pursuit of a career with promotion in the
hierarchy is assured. Promotions based on seniority and merit,
through slow, occur periodically to maintain morale and competent
performance. Tenure is secure as long as there is no gross
misconduct in the performance of one’s role in the office.

19. —provide the models we use for appraising and
shaping our attitudes, feelings, and actions. A
reference group may or may not be our
membership group. A reference group provides
both normative and comparative functions.

20. • This unit analyzes such major social
institutions as the family, education, religion,
the economy and work, government, and health
care. Major questions include how institution are
organized, how inequality is reproduced and/or
challenged in institutions, how institutions
change, and how they vary across and within
different societies/cultures.

21. • Common reciprocating attitudes and their conventionalized behavior
patterns. Within the social institutions are cluster of established and
accepted behavior patterns through which the needs of the group
are adequately maintained and satisfied. Out of these patterns may
develop affection, love, cooperation, loyalty, and obedience - feeling
expressed by individuals in their roles.
• Cultural objects of symbolic value which represent social institutions.
These symbols give sentimental meaning to the behavior of the
individual. Among them are the wedding ring for marriage, the cross
for the church, and the flag for the state or the school.

22. • Cultural objects possessing utilitarian value which satisfy
the wants of the individuals. Among these are the house
for the family, pews for the church, buildings for the
state, and desks for the schools. In a way, cultural
objects satisfy the wants of the individual.
• Oral or written language symbols or traditions. These
give the description, ideological systems, and
specifications of the patterns of interrelationships. They
are handed down from generation to generation.

23. —A society represents a geographical aggregate and has
boundaries, similar government, and a common culture.
The society exists in a natural environment to which its
members must adapt if it is to survive. It satisfies the
basic needs for food, shelter, and security and eventually,
the need for a stable social order. The society imposes on
the group members and shapes their personalities. In
turn members also try to shape and change the
patterned forms of interaction and social relationship.

24. • Society is external to the individual. The norms, beliefs,
and values or culture of the society precede the
individuals who are born into or join the society. The
culture persists even after individuals have died or left.
• The members perceive society and its experiences as a
constraint upon their lives.