This document provides information on transmission and distribution (T&D) losses and Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) losses in the Indian power sector from 2001-2004. Some key points:
- T&D losses were historically overstated due to issues in accounting, and AT&C losses provide a clearer measure of efficiency by accounting for technical, commercial and collection losses.
- Many states showed improvements over this period, with some reducing AT&C losses below 25%, while others remained above 50%. Reform efforts focused on metering, energy auditing and establishing regulatory commissions.
- The Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme was launched to strengthen infrastructure and provide incentives to reduce cash losses from
3. ANOMALIES IN T&D
LOSS COMPUTATION
• In absence of feeder metering in the past, substantial portion of
T&D loss, including theft of electricity gets attributed to
agricultural consumption. While, agricultural consumption is
around 20-25%, utilities were showing it as 35-40% and
correspondingly T&D losses shown as 20-25%.
• Also, T&D loss was being computed taking into account electricity
bills issued to consumers as accrued income & not on actual
collection. Therefore, T&D loss figures did not capture the major
gap between the billing and the collection, apart from large amount
of theft.
• To get over this problem, concept of Aggregate Technical &
Commercial (AT&C) loss was introduced.
3
4. AT&C LOSS
It is the difference between units input into the system and the units
for which the payment is collected.
T&D Loss do not capture losses on account of non-realisation of
payments.
AT&C Loss is the clearest measure of overall efficiency of the
distribution business as it measures technical as well as commercial
losses.
AT&C Loss(%) = (Energy Input – Energy Realised)X100
Energy Input
Energy Realised = Energy Billed X Collection Efficiency
Collection Efficiency (%) = Amount Realised X100
Amount Billed
4
14. REASONS FOR AT&C LOSSES
•
Technical Losses:
–
–
–
–
–
•
Overloading of existing lines and substation equipments
Absence of up gradation of old lines and equipments
Low HT: LT ratio
Poor repair and Maintenance of equipments
Non-installation of sufficient capacitors
Commercial Losses:
–
–
–
–
Low metering/billing/collection efficiency
Theft & Pilferage and tampering of meters
Low accountability of employees
Absence of Energy Accounting & Auditing
14
Contd..
15. ONE OF THE MAIN REASON FOR INCREASE IN
LOSSES IN THE SECTOR IS LOW INVESTMENT IN
THE T&D IN COMPARISON TO THE GENERATION.
1.4
1.2
Investment in generation and T&D including RE should be 1:1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1st
PLAN
T&D + RE
2nd
PLAN
3rd Three
PLAN Ann
4th
5th Annual 6th
PLAN PLAN Plan PLAN
7th Annual Annula 8th
PLAN Plan Plan PLAN
INVESTMENT/EXPENDITURE ON T&D AND RE Vs
15
INVESTMENT/EXPENDITURE ON GENERATION
9th
PLAN
16. INITIATIVES TAKEN BY MINISTRY
FOR REDUCTION OF AT&C LOSS
1. CHIEF MINISTERS’ CONFERENCE:
Held in March 2001.
Main resolutions:
(A) Energy audit at all 11kV feeders:
97% feeder metering achieved.
(B) Full metering of all consumers:
87% consumer metering achieved.
Majority of un-metered connections
belong to flat rate category
16
Contd..
17. INITIATIVES TAKEN …..
C) SERC:
23 states constituted and 4 states notified.
18 SERCs have issued tariff orders
D) Commercial Viability to be achieved through
• Profit Centre:
13 SEBs/EDs unbundled & corporatised. 9 are expected
shortly.
• Franchisees:
Adopted With different models in Assam, Karnataka, Orissa &
Nagaland and under active consideration of Andhra, Gujarat,
Bihar, W. Bengal.
• Privatisation :
• Delhi & Orissa. Uttar Pradesh has invited EOIs.
17
20. INITIATIVES TAKEN …..
2.
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
States were to sign MOU for assistance from Govt of India and
mandate taking up reforms in the power sector. Key parameters are :
Obligation of the State Government
Setting up of SERC & Rationalisation of Tariffs
Reorganisation of State Electricity Boards
Metering of 11 kV feeders & of all consumers
Energy Audit at all level
100% Electrification of villages and hamlets
Support from Government of India
Supply of additional power wherever feasible: 4000 MW allocated to various states
Assistance for distribution system: APDRP
Funding for 100% rural electrification: Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana
Strengthening & improvement of transmission network by POWERGRID:
2990 Ckt. Km added during 2004-05
Concessional financing by PFC: Interest rate for distribution work @ 8.25%
20
Contd..
21. INITIATIVES TAKEN…..
3. Accelerated Power Development &
Reforms Programme
The programme aims at :
Reduction of AT&C losses
Bring about Commercial viability
Reduce outages & interruptions
Increase consumer satisfaction
The programme has two components:
INVESTMENT COMPONENT covers strengthening and
upgradation of sub-transmission & distribution
INCENTIVE COMPONENT is a grant for states / Utilities
towards reduction of cash losses with 2000-01 as the base
21
year
23. Investment Growth in Power Sector
• As per the report of Economic Intelligence ServiceDec. 2004, the growth in power sector during the
previous year was 27.3% (as of Oct ’04) which includes
growth in generation 23% and in distribution 53%.
• The overall investment in Power Sector was Rs.
5,37,885 Cr. compared to Rs. 4,22,246 Cr. last year.
Whereas, the investment in distribution sector was Rs.
21,072 Cr. as compared to Rs. 13,764 Cr. last year.
Source: CMIE
23
24. INITIATIVES TAKEN …..
Incentive Component
Sl. Name of States Year
Reduction in Eligibility
Incentive
Cash Loss
for Incentive Released
1.
Gujarat
2001-02
472.76
236.38
236.38
2.
Haryana
2001-02
210.98
105.49
105.49
3.
Maharashtra
2001-02
275.78
137.89
137.89
4.
Rajasthan
2001-02
275.42
137.71
137.71
5.
Andhra Pradesh
2002-03
530.22
265.11
265.11
6.
West Bengal
2002-03
146.00
73.00
73.00
2003-04
605.52
302.76
302.76
2002-03
129.88
64.94
64.94
2942.66
1323.28
1323.28
7. Kerala
Total
Incentive claims of Gujarat & Punjab are pending for release with MOF
24
Contd..
25. INITIATIVES TAKEN …..
4.
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT (MOA)
UNDER APDRP
•The Main features are:
Constitution of Distribution Reform Committee for
monitoring of reforms, APDRP implementation etc.
100% feeder & consumer metering
Energy accounting and auditing
Setting up of performance benchmark parameters
Policy for franchisee & outsourcing
Turnkey execution of APDRP schemes
Operation of circle & feeder as profit centre
25
Contd..
26. INITIATIVES TAKEN …..
Theft Control
5.
ANTI-THEFT
PROVISIONS
IN
ELECTRICITY
ACT- 2003 (Sec:135-137, 153)
– Provides legal frame work for making theft
of electricity a Cognizable offence.
–
States to set up special courts & special
police stations
– To
provide
special
powers
to
utility
personnel for checking the installations.
26
Contd..
28. INITIATIVES TAKEN …..
6.
Consumer Indexing for Energy audit
7.
11 kv Feeder Management required for Energy Audit
8.
IT Initiatives to improve efficiency in metering, billing &
collection
9.
Installation of Capacitors to improve power factor
10. High Voltage Distribution
System (HVDS) for preventing
theft and pilferage, better power management
11. Consumer Care for improved consumer satisfaction – to
attend consumer grievances regarding metering, billing, no
power supply
28
30. Other Initiatives By Utilities
STATE
Feeder
Mgmt.
Initiated
Consumer
Indexing
started
Consumer
Care Centre
started
Spot
Billing
initiated
Computerised
Billing started
Assam
√
√
√
√
√
Punjab
√
√
√
Rajasthan
√
√
√
√
√
Jharkhand
Uttaranchal
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Kerala
√
√
Jaipur
√
M.P.
SCADA
under impl.
√
Orissa
HVDS
√
Bihar
Tripura
√
√
Trivendrum
√
√
√
J&K
30
31. INITIATIVES TAKEN …..
12. WORKSHOP ON BEST PRACTICES
•
3 days National level workshop in Dec. 2004 on Best
Practices adopted by State utilities in distribution sector was
organised covering consumer indexing, metering, billing,
revenue management, maintenance, project execution, quality
management, IT enabling, outsourcing, loss reduction, MIS,
customer satisfaction, HR initiatives etc.
13. CAPACITY BUILDING:
•
Training of utility personnel undertaken to
upgrade
knowledge in the areas of project formulation, project
management, operation & maintenance etc. PMI (NTPC) &
NPTI have trained more than 1800 personnel from various
utilities.
•
Training of 25,000 utility personnel has been taken up under
DRUM Project in association with USAID. More than 350
31
personnel have been already trained
Contd..
33. INITIATIVES TAKEN …..
14. Distribution Reform Upgrades & Management
(DRUM) Project: In collaboration with USAID
•
To adopt best commercial and technological practices to
improve quality and reliability of last mile power distribution
in 4 pilots projects in urban and rural areas.
•
•
Delhi,
•
Anand (Gujarat) &
•
•
Aurangabad (Maharashtra),
Doddballapura (Karnataka)
Financial assistance of US $ 20 million.
33
34. INITIATIVES TAKEN …..
15. RANKING OF UTILITIES:
To evaluate performance of utilities and to assess their
improvements. CRISIL & ICRA engaged
Parameters
o External:
State Govt. related
:
19 points
SERC related
:
13 points
o Internal:
Business Risk Analysis :
27 points
Financial Risk Analysis
:
20 points
o Attaining commercial viability :
16 points
o IT adoption etc
:
05 points
Total
:
100 Points
–
Three Reports released
•
•
•
JAN 2003,
JAN 2004 AND
MARCH 2005
34
Contd..
36. INITIATIVES TAKEN …..
RANKING OF UTILITIES
State
(Source ICRA/CRISIL)
Mar 2005
Points
Jan 2004
Rank
Points
Rank
Tripura
Kerala
Assam
Meghalaya
Madhya Pradesh
Sikkim
Uttaranchal
Nagaland
Orissa
Jammu & Kashmir
Arunachal Pradesh
Mizoram
Manipur
Bihar
31.65
31.48
27.32
26.72
22.79
19.07
18.60
15.80
13.63
9.43
9.20
7.88
6.55
5.78
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
12.60
34.25
27.43
23.03
24.75
15.87
37.75
14.13
20.31
8.50
9.05
10.80
- 11.90
10.63
23
15
16
18
17
20
14
21
19
27
26
24
29
25
Jharkhand
3.00
29
0.00
28
There has been change in rating parameters in 2004 & 05 exercise with respect
to 2003 as earlier parameters were not capturing total performance.
36
Contd..
37. INITIATIVES TAKEN …..
16.
RELIABILITY INDEX (RI):
The Reliability Index of the power supply is being monitored for
select towns at 11kV feeder level. RI at Distribution transformer
level and consumer level to be established subsequently.
17.
MONITORING BY MINISTRY OF POWER:
• APDRP Steering committee: 8 meetings held
•
Frequent Reviews of Utilities at Regional/State level by
Minister, Secretary (Power) & JS (D);
• Review by state level Distribution Reform Committees;
• NTPC, POWERGRID & CEA for monitoring at the field level
• Dedicated APDRP Cell in the Ministry
37