This document provides information about ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production through the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It discusses the processes of glycolysis, glycogenesis, and the acetyl-CoA pathway. ATP is the body's energy currency and is produced through three energy systems. Carbohydrates yield the most ATP per gram through glycolysis, while fats provide the most ATP through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Proteins contribute minimally to ATP production.
1. ASSIGNMENT
Topic; How much ATP are produce through carb, fats,
proteins and explain the process of glycolysis,
glycogenesis and acetyl-coA.
Submit to; Sir sajjad Ali Gill
Submit by; Ahmad Raza
Class; MSc sports sciences Evening section
Roll No; 124
2. What is ATP?
(Adenosine Triphosphate)& (Phosphocreatine)
It is the bodies fuel, and is in the form of ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate), made by 3 energy systems.
ATP is found in almost every cell and the majority of
ATP is made in the mitochondria.
Our body stores energy in the form of Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP)
We get most of our energy from food such as
carbohydrates, proteins and
fats.
Major energy currency of all cells is a nucleotide
The ability of ATP to store and release energy is due
to its molecular
structure.
Each molecule has three subunits: (a) adenine-a
double ringed nitrogenous base; (b) a ribose – a five-
carbon sugar; and (c) three phosphate groups in a
linear chain.
3. ATP is stored in limited quantities in the muscle, so each
muscle fiber must be able to create its own from the
food fuels.
ATP is an adenosine molecule with three phosphate
molecules attached.
For release of energy, one phosphate molecule breaks
off, releasing energy and creating adenosine diphospate
(ADP).
As long as there are sufficient energy substrate this
process can be reversed with the use of food fuels and
ATP is rebuilt with the addition of another phosphate
molecule.
Other names of this energy system
Short term energy system
Alectic anaerobic energy system
ATP PCr energy system
Startup energy system
ATP PC energy system
PCr energy system
Energy
•Our body requires energy, this energy comes from the
breakdown of ATP in our cells.
4. Breakdown of ATP=Energy=Movement
•All energy for cellular activity comes from ATP
How ATP is generated
•Our cells can’t get energy directly from food
•Needs to be stored as a useable form of energy ATP
•The food we eat contains energy (kilojoules)
•This energy is used to produce ATP molecules
•Energy is stored in ATP like a battery
5. Carbohydrates
When carbohydrates are digested they are broken down
to glucose for blood transportation and then stored as
glycogen in the muscles and liver.
Glycogen can provide energy for ATP production under
both anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
One gram of carbohydrates 38 ATP
Protein
Protein is only minimally contributes to ATP production.
Only in extreme events such as starvation or a ultra-
marathon will protein contribute to ATP production.
6. One gram of protein 38 ATP
Fats
Fats provides major source of energy for long term
physical activity. During a long term or a marathon, fats
as either triglycerides muscle or free fatty acids usually
contribute to ATP production to meet sub maximal
energy demands. During rest conditions, fats produce the
majority the required ATP.
One gram of fats = 131 ATP
7. Energy Systems
•ATP is generated through 3 different energy systems
•The energy system the body generates it through
depends on the Intensity and the duration of the exercise
being performed
•ATP-PC system = very quick explosive exercise
•Lactic Acid system= moderately intense exercise lasting
several minutes
•Aerobic system= Long duration exercise
Anaerobic and Aerobic
An anaerobic energy system is one that does not
require oxygen to generate ATP
An aerobic energy system is one that does require
oxygen to generate ATP
ATP-PC system- How it works
•ATP is stored in the muscles and liver for quick access
•ATP stores run out in 2-3 seconds
•When you move ATP is broken down to ADP +P to
generate energy for the body to use.
•When the Phosphate is split that’s where the energy
comes from
8. •ATP stores in the muscle run out very quickly therefore
we must generate more
•VERY useful for quick explosive exercises, generates ATP
very quickly but also runs out quickly.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. ENERGY STORAGE
• Energy produced in metabolism is stored in an
energy-rich molecule ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate ATP – the battery of life
• Biological processes requiring energy use ATP
• The accessible energy in ATP lies in the
triphosphate link
• Removing one phosphate gives adenosine
diphosphate (ADP) plus energy.
14. Energy productionin the cell
• Energy is produced by oxidation of molecular
fuels - small molecules derived from
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
• The oxidation uses oxidised forms of coenzymes
ultimately producing CO2
, H2
O and stored energy
• Energy is stored directly as ATP or as reduced
forms of coenzymes that ultimately reduce
oxygen to H2
O
• Reduction of oxygen to H2
O yields more ATP and
oxidised form of coenzymes
Molecules in metabolism
• Organic molecules from metabolised nutrients
often enter metabolic pathway reactions bound
to a coenzyme.
• Coenzyme A is an important coenzyme
• Phosphate is often bound to organic molecules
• Oxidation/reduction (electron transport)
reactions use NADH NAD
+
GLUCONEOGENESIS
15. Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway
occurring in living beings for synthesis of
glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. It
converts pyruvate and its related three- and
four-carbon compounds into
glucose. It is an
irreversible process. It occurs in
cytosol.
COENZYME A
Usually written as HS-CoA
16. ACETYL CoA – THE CROSSROADS
HS-CoA activates organic molecules for metabolic
reactions by binding through HS-group to give
reactive “–CoA” species
Acetyl-CoAis an important example
acetyl-CoA
fatty acids
fatscarbohydrates
glycogen
glucose
CO2
+ energy
proteins
amino acids
pyruvate
citric acid
cycle
glycolysis
fatty acid
oxidation
fatty acid
synthesis
Glucose in excess of metabolic needs results in fat
deposition
oxidation
17. SOURCES OF ACETYL CoA
• Three metabolic reactions of food components
produce are linked
o Glycolysis of glucose
o Oxidation of fatty acids
o Amino acid deamination
• Each can act as a source of Acetyl-CoA
• Acetyl-CoA is oxidised in the citric acid (Krebs)
cycle producing energy.
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
• All air-breathing organisms use the citric acid
cycle to generate energy
• Several metabolic pathways deliver acetyl-CoA
and other intermediates for the cycle:
o Glycolysis of glucose via pyuvate to
acetyl-CoA
o Fatty acid oxidation via acetyl-CoA
o Amino acid deamination via α-
ketoacids
18. ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE OXIDATION
CO2
CO2
CH2
C=O
CO2
-
CO2
-
oxaloacetate
CH3
C=O
SCoA
acetyl CoA
CH2
HO-C - CO2
-
CH2
CO2
-
CO2
-
citrate
HO-CH
- CO2
-H - C
CH2
CO2
-
CO2
-
isocitrate
C=
O
C
H
CO
-
CO
-
C
H
-
ketoglutarat
C=O
CH2
CO2
-
CH2
SCoA
succinyl CoA
CO2
-
CH2
CO2
-
CH2
succinate
CO2
-
CH
CO2
-
CH
fumarate
CO2
HOC
CO2
CH2
malat
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
Two carbon atoms enter as acetyl-CoA
and are ejected as to CO2
19. • Three processes are involved
o Glycolysis of glucose to two pyruvate
molecules
o Pyruvate oxidation to acetyl-CoA
o Oxidation of acetyl-CoA to CO2
in the
citric acid cycle
• Energy stored from oxidation of one molecule of
glucose = 36 ATP after all reduced coenzymes are
reoxidised
20.
21.
22. AMINO ACID METABOLISM
• Amino acids, from protein hydrolysis, can be
deaminated to form α-ketoacids
• Some α-ketoacids can be converted to
pyruvate or to other intermediates in the citric
acid cycle for glucose synthesis
• Others are converted into acetyl-CoA, used in
fatty acid synthesis.
LIPID (FAT) SYNTHESIS
• Lipids (fats) are fatty acid esters of glycerol
• Fatty acids are synthesised by sequential addition of
two-carbon units to acetyl-CoA
• Acetyl CoA is derived from several sources, eg
glycolysis of glucose, from dietary carbohydrates
• Acetyl CoA is produced in the mitochondria but fatty
acid synthesis takes place in the cytosol
• Lipids are synthesisedfrom fatty acids in adipose
tissue and in the liver
• Fatty acids for lipid synthesis can also arise from
dietary fats
23. CHEMICAL CONTROLS
• Hormones are chemicals messengers released by
a cell or a gland in one part of the body that
transmit messages that affect cells in other parts
of the organism.
• Important hormones in human metabolism
include:
o Ghrelin- the hunger-stimulating
hormone
o Leptin - the satiety (full-feeling)
hormone
24. o Glucagon - the stored glucose releasing
hormone
o Insulin - stimulates the formation of
stored fat from glucose
• Insulin and glucagon are part of a feedback system
to regulate blood glucose levels
o Leptin production is suppressedby
abdominal fat.
