2. The course covers the fundamental study
of ancient and modern methods of personal
identification with emphasis on Dactyloscopy,
Orthodontology and Palmistry, which embraces
the identification and comparison of fingerprint
patterns and ridges characteristics;
development and preservation of latent prints;
and the recording and classifying of fingerprints
that include the Henry System and the FBI
Extension.
COURSE
DESCRIPTION
3. FORENSICSCIENCE
▪ The application of science techniques and
principles in order to provide evidence to legal
or related investigation.
CRIMINALISTICS
▪ A profession or field of forensic that deals
with recognition, collection, preservation and
examination of physical evidence for the
administration of justice.
4. ❑ DR.HANSGUSTAVADOLFGROSS
▪ An Australian Magistrate that
described Search for Truth is
the ultimate goal of all
investigative and detective
works.
▪ He is also known as the
FATHER OF MODERN
CRIMINALISTICS and
FATHER OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION.
▪ Res Ipsa Loquitor
“the thing speaks for
5. ❑PAULKIRK
Father of Criminalistics in United States.
Crime Investigation(Textbook)” Kirk (1974)
said that “The central problem of the criminal
investigator is the establishment of personal
identity - usually of the criminal, sometimes
of the victim”.
6. ❑ AUGUSTVOLLMER
The Head of the First Comprehensive Crime
Laboratory in U.S. established in Los
Angeles.
7. PIONEERS IN THE SCIENCE OF
FINGERPRINT
1.NEHEMIAGREW
In a "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London" paper in 1684, he
described the RIDGES and PORES of the
hand and feet. Dr. Nehemiah Grew was the
first European to publish friction ridge skin
observation, Dutch anatomist Govard
Bidloo's 1685 book, "Anatomy of the Human
Body" also described friction ridge skin
(papillary ridge) details.
8. 2. GOVARDBIDLOO
Works on the sweat pores and ridges.
In 1685 he published an anatomical atlas,
Anatomia Hvmani Corporis. It described
papillary ridges on skin (fingerprints) and was
one of the pioneering scientific observations
which laid the foundation of forensic
identification using fingerprints.
9. 3.PROF.MARCELOMALPHIGI
-Professor of Anatomy at the University of
Bologna, Italy and is known as the Grandfather
of Fingerprints. He originated the term loops
and spiral.
-Known for his discovery of the Epidermis and
Dermis Layer and one layer of the skin was
named after him, the Malphigian layer, which
approximately 1.8mm thick.
Written the book entitled "De Externo Tactus
Organo".
10. 4.J.C.A.MAYER
The first to state that the fingerprints are never
duplicated in two persons.
5.SIRJEANJOHANNESPURKENJIE
A professor in physiology, theology and anatomy at
the University of Breslau, Germany. Established a
certain role for classification and be able to identify
nine (9) types of pattern although never associated
to identification. He is known as the Father of
Dactyloscopy.
11. 6.SIRFRANCISGALTON
A British Anthropologist, a scientist, and
cousin of Charles Darwin, who divided the
types of Fingerprint into arches, loops, and
whorls known as ALW. He also stated that if
there is possibility for two prints to be the
same it is: 1: 64,000,000 000. He was also
credited with being the first scientist of
friction skin identification as well as his role
promoting its used. First to establish "Civil
Bureau of Personal Identification.
12. He published the first book on fingerprints. In
his book, Galton identified the individuality
and uniqueness of fingerprints. The unique
characteristics of fingerprints, as identified
by Galton, will officially become known as
minutiae; however they are sometimes still
referred to as "Galton's Details".
13. 7.HERMANWELCKER
He took the prints of his own palms and
after forty-one years he printed the same
palms to prove that prints do not change,
except for some scratches due to old
age. (Principle of Constancy)
14. 8.SIRWILLIAMHERSCHEL
(British Administrator in District of Bengal in
India)
He printed the palms of the natives in order to
avoid impersonation among laborer and as
substitute to signature. Rajyadhar Konai was the
first-person Herschel printed the palm (He required
fingerprint and signatures on civil contracts.)
⦁ Father of Chiroscopy.
⦁ RAJADHAR KONAI = the first person
Herschel printed the palm
15. 9.SIREDWARDRICHARDHENRY
An Inspector General of Police in Bengal, India,
developed the first system of classifying
fingerprints. He also developed his own system of
classification while working in Scotland Yard. His
system classification was established with the
help of two Hindu police namely Khan Bahadur
Azizul Haque and Rai Hem Chandra Bose. It was
widely accepted by almost all English speaking
countries making him known as the "Father of
Fingerprint". His system finally replaced the
Bertillionage system of identification in France.
(Anthropometry by Alphonse Bertillion)
16. 10.JUANVUCETICH(1891)
Argentine Police Official, initiated the
fingerprinting of criminals, developed his
own system of classification and which
was officially adopted in Argentina and in
used today in most Spanish speaking
country. (First case used was the Rojas
Homicide in 1892)
17. 11.HENRYFAULDS
⦁ A surgeon at (Tsukiji Hospital, Tokyo,
Japan) advocated the use of fingerprints/
Latent Prints in the detection of crime and
positive identification of offender.
12.THOMASBEWICK
⦁ An English naturalist, uses engravings of
his own fingerprints to identify books he
published.
18. 13.GILBERTTHOMPSON
A geologist in New Mexico, adopted the
first individual use of fingerprint in August
8, 1882 as a protection to prevent
tampering of the pay order he issued.
20. 14.SAMUELLANGHORNECLEMENS
An Englishman who informally introduced
Dactyloscopy in the United States in his book
"Life in Mississippi" and "Puppe in Head
Wilson".
15.CAPT.JAMESL.PARKE
Advocated the first state and penal use of
fingerprint adopted in Sing-Sing Prison on
June 5, 1903; later in Auburn Napanoch and
Clinton Penitentiaries
21. 16.MARYK.HOLAND
First American instructress in dactyloscopy.
17.JOHNDILLINGER
Known as the U.S. Public enemy number one who
attempted to destroy his own prints using
corrosive acids.
18.ROBERTJAMESPITTS/ROSCOEPITTS
Worked on surgery to forge his own fingerprints
and was named "Man without fingerprint
24. HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES
⦁ Mr. Jones - One who first taught fingerprint in the
Philippines
⦁ Generoso Reyes - The first Filipino fingerprint
technician employed by Philippine Constabulary
(P.C.)
⦁ IsabelaBernales- The first Filipina fingerprint technician.
⦁ Flaviano Guerrero (FBI Washington) - Gave the first
examination in fingerprint in 1927
⦁ Agustin Patricio of the Philippines Topped the
examination.
25. ⦁ People of the Philippines Vs. Medina - First conviction
based on fingerprint and leading case
decision in the Philippine Jurisprudence
⦁ Lucila Lalu - The first Filipina Chop-Chop lady
who was identified through fingerprint.
28. QUESTION!
Golden Rule of Crime Scene Investigation
“DO NOT TOUCH, CHANGE OR ALTER
ANYTHING UNTIL IT HAS BEEN
IDENTIFIED, MEASURED AND
PHOTOGRAPH”
29. PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
▪ A system of recognizing and
identifying a particular person based
on his/her characteristics as
differentiate from others.
30. METHODS OF PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION
⦁ Identifying a person specifically the subject
whether the malefactor, aggrieved party
or witness is the first phase of criminal
investigation. The latter is defined as an art
and science, which deals with the identity
and location of the offender and provide
evidence of his guilt in criminal
proceedings.
⦁ One of the six (6) Cardinal Points of
investigation is the question, “WHO”.
31. ORDINARY METHOD OF
IDENTIFICATION
I. POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION APPLICABLE
TO THE LIVING ONLY:
a. Characteristics that may easily be changed:
⦁ Growth of hair,
⦁ beard or mustache;
⦁ Clothing;
⦁ Frequent place of visit;
⦁ Grade of Profession; and
⦁ Body ornament (e.g. earrings, necklace etc.)
32. b. Characteristics that may not easily be changed:
⦁ Mental Memory
⦁ Speech
⦁ Gait - It refers to the manner of walking or moving on
foot.
Gait Line - The straight line connecting the center of
the succeeding steps (measured from heel to heel). It is
more or less in zigzag fashion especially when the legs
are far apart while walking.
Foot Line -The longitudinal line drawn on each foot
mark
33. Mannerisms - These are the characteristic
movements of the body peculiar to persons.
⦁ Way of sitting
⦁ Movement of the hands
⦁ Movement of the body
⦁ Movement of the facial muscles
⦁ Expression of the mouth while articulating
Manner of learning
34. II. Points of Identification Applicable to both living and dead
before onset of Decomposition:
1. Occupational Marks Race - In the living, race may be presumed
on:
a. Color of the Skin
⦁ Caucasians - Fair
⦁ Malayans - Brown
⦁ Negroes - Black
b. Feature of Face
⦁ Caucasians - Prominent sharp nose
⦁ Malayans - Flat nose with round face
⦁ Mongolian - Almond eyes and prominent cheek bone.
⦁ Negroes - Thick spreading lips
Shape of Skull ✓
Red Indians-Flat Head
⦁ Malayan - Round head
35. 2. STATURE (HEIGHT)
Methods of Approximating the Height of a Person
a. Measure the distance between the height of a
person, fingers of both hands with the arms extended
laterally and it will be equal to the height of the person.
b. Two times the length of one arm plus 12 inches for
the clavicle and 1.5 inches for the sternum is the
approximate height.
c. Two times the length from the vertex of the skull to
the public symphyses.
d. The distance from the sternal notch and the public
symphyses is about one-hand of the height.
36. 3. TEETH (FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY)
The following points must be considered in the study of
the teeth for identification process:
a. Determine whether it is temporary or permanent set;
b. Number of teeth present;
C. Number of teeth lost, including evidence of length of time
lost;
d. Nature of the teeth present, whether reversed, crooked,
mal-aligned or straight;
e. Condition of those present, whether carious, colored,
presence of cavities, erosion, filling and cleanliness;
f. Presence of supernumerary teeth;
g. Odontoid gum; and
h. Extraction, dental fitting, permanent bridge work, fitting of
crown and filling cavities.
= The most convenient way of identifying a person by
means of the teeth is the use of dental diagram or chart.
37. 4. IMPORTANCE OF TATTOO MARKS
a. It may help in the identification of the person
b. It may indicate memorable events in his life
c. It may indicate the social stratum to which
the person belongs.
d. It implies previous commitment in prison or
membership in a gang
38. METHODS OF TATTOO REMOVAL
⦁ EXCISION - It involves an injection
of a local anesthetic to numb the
area after which the tattoo is
removed surgically. The edges are
then brought together and sutured.
⦁ DERMABRASION - A small portion
of the tattoo is sprayed with a
solution that freezes the area. The
tattoo is then "sanded" with rotary
abrasive instrument causing the
skin to peel. Because some
bleeding is likely to occur, a
dressing is immediately applied to
the area.
39. ⦁ LASER-Laser surgery is considered to be one
of the best methods of tattoo removal. The Q-
switched Nd-Yag, Q-switched Alexandrite and
the Q-switched Ruby are among the most
frequently used lasers. If necessary, a cream to
numb the skin can be applied prior to the
treatment. Pulse of light from the laser is
directed unto the tattoo breaking up the tattoo
pigment. Over the next several weeks the
body's scavenger cells remove the treated
pigmented areas. More than one treatment is
usually necessary to remove the entire tattoo.
⦁ SALABRASION - A centuries old procedure
using local anesthetic applied around the tattoo
area after which a solution of ordinary tap water
dipped in table salt is applied and an abrading
apparatus such as the one used in
dermabrasion or even a simpler device is used
such as a wooden block wrapped in gauze.
40. 5. Deformities
6. Birth Marks
7. Injuries Leaving Permanent Result
8. Moles
9. Scars - They are composed of fibrous tissues which
take the place of the original tissues which have been
injured or destroyed. They are devoid of specialized
tissue so they do not contain pigment layers, sweat or
sebaceous glands.
a. Recent scars of two to three weeks old are vascular
with red or pink color.
b. Contacted bloodless scars with white and glistering
surfaces are usually more than six months old;
c. Scars resulting from superficial wounds and from
wounds healing by first intention develop earlier.
41. SOME SCARS MAY SHOW CHARACTERISTICS
APPEARANCE SUCH AS:
⦁ Surgical Operation - Regular form and location with
stitch marks.
⦁ Burns and Scalds - Scars are large, irregular in shape
and may be keloid.
⦁ Gunshot wounds - Disc like with depressed center.
They may be adherent to the underlying tissues.
⦁ Gumma - Depressed scar following loss tissue.
42. 10. Tribal Marks - A common practice of
some tribes in Africa is to place some marks
on the exposed parts of the body.
11. Sexual Organs - Circumcision may help
in identification. The uterus and breast may
indicate previous pregnancy. The best
evidence of sexuality is the presence of
Testes in Male
44. FIRST KNOWN METHOD OF
IDENTIFICATION
❑ Portrait Parle
❑ Tattoo and Scarification
❑ Photography
❑ Personal Effects
❑ Bertillon System
❑ Forensic Odontology
❑ Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA)
❑ FINGERPRINT
45. ❑ PORTRAIT PARLE
-Portrait parle is a French term referring to
a picture of a suspect in both front and
profile views. Modernization has led this to
our “MUGSHOT” of a suspect.
-These two French word means “speaking
likeness”.
46.
47. ⦁ TATTOO and SCARIFICATION
❑ Tattoo is defined as a permanent ink
design in the skin applied by needles or a
temporary dyed design on the skin.
48. ❑ Scarification is the practice of purposely
scarring skin tissue to leave permanent
marks, is a very ancient practice that
reaches back to the earliest stages of the
human race.
49. ❑ PHOTOGRAPHY
Is an art and science of producing an image
by the action of light with the aid of image
forming device known as a camera and
chemical process involved therein.
50. ❑ PERSONAL EFFECTS
These are privately owned items such as
clothing and jewelry normally worn or carried
on the person.
51. ❑ BERTILLON SYSTEM
The techniques of
criminal identification
used by American Law
enforcement today are
rooted in the science of
anthropometry, which
focuses on the
meticulous
measurement and
recording of different
parts and components of
the human body.
52. ⦁ WEST CASE:
⦁ In 1903, Wil West arrived at the US
penitentiary at the Leavenworth, Kansas.
While West was being process in through, a
staff member said that there was already a
photograph and Bertillon measurement for
him on the file. But a comparison on
fingerprints showed that despite identical
appearances and nearly identical Bertillon
measurements, the identification card on file
belonged to a William West, who had been in
Leavenworth since 1901.
53.
54. ❑ FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
It is a branch of science, which deals with
the anatomy, development, and diseases
of teeth and related structures used in
the administration of justice.
55. ⦁ DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
❑ It is the chain of molecules found in every
nucleated cell of the body. The totally of an
individual’s DNA is unique for the individual,
except identical twins.
56. ❑ FINGERPRINT
A FINGERPRINT is a composite of the ridge
outlines which appears on the skin surface of
the bulbs on the inside of the end of joints of
the fingers and thumbs.
57. DACTYLOSCOPY
-Practical science of fingerprint Identification and
classification. Derived from Latin words:
DAKTYLOS - means finger; and SKOPIEN - to
study or examine.
⦁ DACTYLOGRAPHY - is the scientific study of
fingerprint as a means of identification.
⦁ DERMATOGLYPHICS - Deals with the study of
skin markings or patterns on fingers, hands, and
feet and its application, especially in
criminology. It is derived from two Greek words,
Derma which means Skin and Glype which
means Carve.
58. Various Conditions of the finger:
a. Polydactyl - Born with more than the
regular number of (10) fingers.
b. Macrodactyl - Having enlarged finger.
c. Microdactyl - Having small finger.
d. Ectrodactyl - Born with missing finger.
e. Syndactyl - Side fusion of the fingers.
