2. Cows and bullocks form the backbone of Indian
Agriculture and play an important role in the rural
economy.
The two species of cattle in India are cow and
buffalo.
3. Cattle farming is done for two purposes:
● Dairy animals : These animals called milch animals are kept for
obtaining milk. These include cow, buffalo, goat, camel and
yak. These animals provide us milk and milk products.
● Draught animals : These are animals used in agriculture for
work and transport. Example is horses, elephants, bullocks, etc.
Draught animals are also used for tilling and irrigation.
4.
5. Cattle farming involves the rearing and management
of two types of animals-
One group for food requirements like milk and
another for labour purposes like ploughing,
irrigation, etc.
6. Food Requirements :
● For good and disease resistant breeds, food is a major
requirement. Cattles must be provided with an adequate water
supply and nutrient-rich fodder regularly according to their
needs.
● In cattle farming, two factors are considered regarding the food
of cattle. The food that is provided must keep the animals
healthy as well as should meet the farming requirement.
● They also require high fiber proteins rich content, Including
some supplements of micronutrients.
7.
8. CROSS BREEDING IN CATTLES :
● Cross breeding in cattles is majorly done for high production of
milk.
● Milk production depends on the lactation period of the female
cattle that is the period of milk production.
● Milk production can be increased by increasing the lactation
period of the cattle.
9. Two main methods of breeding animals:
(1) Natural mating process:
a) This is the traditional method of breeding.
b) Takes place by cross breeding between an indigenous breed
and an exotic or foreign breed by natural physical mating
process.
c) The indigenous breed is disease resistant.
d) The foreign breed produces a lot of milk.
10. Two main methods of breeding animals:
(2) Artificial insemination:
Process of injecting the semen of a high milk yielding
breed into the female genital tract of a cow. Semen
should be obtained from a male of high quality and the
female animal should be healthy. Instruments used in
the process must be sterilized properly.
11.
12. CLEANLINESS AND SHELTER:
➔ Animals should be brushed regularly to remove dirt and loose
hair from their body.
➔ This is necessary to prevent the animal from various diseases.
➔ They should be kept in well ventilated roofed shelters.
➔ The roofs should be sloped to prevent water logging inside the
shelter.
➔ Cattle urine and excreta should be disposed of properly.
➔ Proper hygiene must be maintained.
13.
14. TYPES OF DISEASES :
(1) ANTHRAX DISEASE –
Cattle and sheep with anthrax generally die suddenly. Just before death, animals
may show signs of high fever. Blood may be present around the nose, mouth and
anus of carcasses. In many cases you may not see this sign, so it should not be
relied on to diagnose anthrax.
Infected animals may stagger, have difficulty breathing, tremble, and finally
collapse and die within a few hours. Sometimes animals may have a fever and a
period of excitement followed by staggering, depression, unconsciousness (lacking
awareness), difficulty breathing, seizures, and death.
Anthrax can be transmitted from an infected cattle to a healthy human .
Anthrax is controlled through vaccination programs, rapid detection and reporting,
quarantine.
15.
16. (2) FOOT & MOUTH DISEASE –
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a devastating disease of livestock caused by a
Picornavirus. There are seven serotypes of the virus. All species of cloven-hoofed
animals are susceptible. The disease is extremely contagious giving new meaning
to FMD (Fast Moving Disease).
Cattle may have a high temperature and blisters occur on the feet and in the
mouth. Excessive salivation, drooling and lameness are frequently observed.
Blisters may also occur on the teats and udder making milking painful. Most
diseased animals will recover in about 2 weeks.
The primary site of infection and replication of FMD virus is in the mucosa of the
pharynx. The virus may also enter through skin lesions or the GI tract
17. (3) JOHNE’S DISEASE –
Johne's disease is an infectious wasting condition of cattle and other ruminants
caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies para tuberculosis, commonly known
as Map. It is closely related to the organism that causes tuberculosis.
Johne's disease is a contagious, chronic, and usually fatal infection that affects
primarily the small intestine of ruminants.
The disease will not respond to antibiotics. No medication or dietary change will
result in a long-term cure. Animals affected with Johne's disease eventually shed
the organism in their manure, with the number of organisms increasing through
time.
Some basic prevention strategies are: Calves, lambs, kids, etc. should be born in a
clean environment. Reduce the newborns exposure to manure from adult animals
by separation when possible.
