my name is akash chaudhary and this slide on Researsh design

1. MADE BY-
SHRADDHA VERMA

2. Def.
 Research design is a comprehensive plan of the
sequence of operations that a researcher intends to
carry out to achieve the desired research objectives.
 Decisions regarding what, where, when, how much,
by what means concerning an inquiry or a
research study constitute a research design.

3. Requirements of Research design
 Identify the kind of research one intends to do.
 Be realistic.
 Be precise.
 Be flexible.

4. Factors affecting Research design
 Non-availability of sufficient data.
 Non-availability of time.
 Non-availability of resources: capital, manpower, skill,
etc.
 Non-availability of the researcher: research should be
skilled expert in the field.
 External factors: Inappropriate means of
communication, threats, fears, political interference,
etc.

5. Research design have following
parts
 Sampling design
 Observational design
 Statistical design
 Operational design

6. Sampling designs
 Which deals with the methods of selecting items to be
observed for the study.
Observational design
 Which relates to the condition under which the
observation are to be create.

7. Statistical Design
Which concern the question of the of How the
information and data gathered are to be
analyzed?
Operational design
Which deals with techniques by which the procedures
satisfied in sampling .

8. Purposes of Research Design
 It provides the scheme for
answering research question.
 It maintains control to avoid bias
that may affect the outcomes.
 It organize the study in a certain
way defending the advantages of
doing while being aware and
caution about potential
disadvantages .

9. Developing Research
Hypotheses
Intriguing Observation,
Intellectual Curiosity
Defining Research
Problem & Objectives
Testing Hypo.:
Data Analysis &
Interpretation
Sampling Design
Refinement of theory
(Inductive Reasoning)
Data Coding,
And
Editing
Developing Operational
Definitions for
Research Variables
Building the Theoretical
Framework and the
Research Model
Data Collection
More Careful Studying
of the Phenomenon
THE PROCESS OF
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

10. Important concepts relating to
research design
 Dependent and independent variables:
a concept which can take on different quantitative
values is called a variable.
A phenomena which can take on different qualitatively
values even in decimal value are called continues.

11. Extraneous variables
 That are not related to the purpose of the study but
may effect on the dependent variables are termed as
the extraneous variables
For e.g.:-contd…

12. Example of this
 Suppose a researcher want to test the hypothesis that
there is a relationship between children gains in social
studies achievement and their self concept.
In this case self-concept =independent variable
Social studies achievement =dependent variable
Intelligence may as well affect on the social achievement.
But it is not related to the study undertaken by the
researcher so it is a Extraneous variable

13. Control
 One important characteristic of a good research is to
minimize the influence or effect. The terminal term
used when we design the study minimizing the effect
of extraneous independent variable

14. Conformed relationship
 When the dependent variable is not free from the
influence of extraneous variable .The relationship
between the dependent and independent variable is
said to be conformed by an extraneous variable

15. Research hypothesis
 The researcher hypothesis is a predicative statement
that relates an independent variable to dependent
variable.

16. Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis
testing
When the purpose of research is to test a research
hypothesis, it us termed as hypothesis testing research
It can be experimental or non-experimental

17. Experimental and control groups
 When a group is exposed to usual conditions, it is
termed as a control group.
 But when the group is exposed to be some special
condition, it is termed as Experimental group

18. Treatments
 The different conditions under which Experiment and
control groups are put up usually referred to as
treatment.

19. Experiment
 The process of examining the truth of a statistical
hypothesis, relating to some research problem, is
known as an Experiment.
E.g.:-
we can conduct an Experiment to examine the
usefulness of a certain newly developed drug.

20. Types of Research design
 There are four types of research design
 Exploratory research design.
 Descriptive research design.
 Diagnostic research design.
 Experimental research design/causal research design.

21. Research design in case of
exploratory research design
 exploratory research method are also termed as
formulative research studied.
The main purpose is that of formulate the research
problem .three methods are
1. The survey of concerning literature
2. The experience survey
3. The analysis of ‘inside-stimulating

22. 1.The survey of concerning literature
 This is most simple and fruitful method of formulating
the research problem .
Hypothesis is taken earlier workers and their usefulness
be evaluating as a basis for further
Research.

23. 2. The experience survey
 The experience survey means the survey of people who
had practical experience .
 The object is to obtain new ideas relating to the
research problem.

24. 3.The analysis of ‘inside-stimulating
 It is also a fruitful method of suggesting the
hypothesis. It is particularly suitable in the areas where
there is little experience to serve as a guide.
In this method the existing records may be examined .

25. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN
 This is the most useful (and appropriate) research design
for those projects that are addressing a subject about which
there are high levels of uncertainty and ignorance about
the subject, and when the problem is not very well
understood (i.e. very little existing research on the subject
matter).
 •Such research is usually characterised by a high degree of
flexibility and lacks a formal structure.
 •The main aim of exploratory research is to identify the
boundaries of the environment in which the problems,
opportunities or situations of interest are likely to reside,
and to identify the salient factors or variables that might be
found there and be of relevance to the research.

26. Exploratory type Research Design
Exploratory study is a systematic scientific
approach which enables a social scientist to
determine whether an idea is in reality or
not.

27. Explorative studies can provide ideas ,
hypothesis , suggestions that might never
occur to the social scientist sitting in an
office and mediating over the problem.
More flexible.
Done in the field whether there is little
knowledge is available.

28. The exploratory method , according to
Katz , “ represents the earlier stage of
science “.
This significant observation implies that
all sciences must have at the beginning
had an approach which has purely
exploratory.

29. Inorder to attain research objectives the
exploratory method , as suggested by
Selltiz et.al . , should adopt the following
steps :
Review of related social science and
another pertinent literature , one of the
simplest ways of economizing effort in an
enquiry , is to review the work already
alone by others .

30.  Survey of people who had partial
experience with the problem to be
studied : persons by virtue of the
nature of their jobs are in a position
to throw light on the subject matter of
interest of the investigator.

31. The analysis of insight stimulating examples
: social scientists working in an area which
is yet to be explored , which incidentally is
the usual experience of an innovative social
scientist , have found the intensive study of
the selected samples to be particularly
fruitful method of stimulating insight.

32. Katz has conceptualized exploratory
studies at two levels ;
The first is the discovery of the
significant variable in the situation.
The second is the discovery of
relationship between variables.
It is imperative for the investigator to
delimit the area to be studied specially at
the first level.

33. Exploratory studies which do not sets limits
for themselves have limits imposed by
various practical matters.
Mostly the results obtained through the
explorative study are to be treated as a sign
post for future and further study in the
same or similar direction.
For this reason , they are also known as
formulative studies.

34. WHEN EXPLORATIVE RESEARCH ?

35. Effectiveness

36. Advantage
 It’s ability to generate many ideas
that could be further explored in
more controlled conditions , apart
from overcoming the most difficult
portion of enquiry , which is it’s
initiation.

37. In case of descriptive research
In case of descriptive research study –one those studied
which are concerned with describing the
characteristics of a particular Individual , or a group.

38. Descriptive type Research Design
 1. Rigid Design.
 2. Probability sampling design.
 3. Pre-planned design for analysis.
 4. Structured instruments for collection
of data.
 5.Advanced decisions about operational
procedure.

39. Research design in which the major emphasis is on
determining the frequency with which something
occurs or the extent to which two variables vary.

40.  Enable researcher to describe picture of a
phenomenon under investigation.
 Methodology involved – qualitative in
nature producing descriptive data.
 Three approaches to enable to
record/analyse the bahavioural patterns:
i. Participant observation.
ii. Personal documents.
iii.Unstructured interviewing.

41. 3) Diagnostic type Research Design
Rigid Design.
 Probability sampling design.
 Pre-planned design for analysis.
 Structured instruments for
collection of data.
 Advanced decisions about
operational procedure.

42. 1. Diagnosis corresponds to the fact
finding aspect of clinical practice.
2. Represents the most typical and
simple problem solving strategy of
the helper faced with problems and
crises on the job.
3. In diagnostic research study
determine the frequency which some
thing occur

43.  Consists of the emergence
of a problem, a diagnosis of
its causes, formulation of all
the avenues of remediation,
and recommendations for a
possible solution.

44. Data for diagnosis can be
obtained in four major ways:
a. Case history or Interview
b. Clinical observation
c. Informal testing
d. Formal standardized
testing

45. 4) Experimental type Research
Design
Professor R.A.Fisher’s name is associated
with experimental designs.
It’s origin in agricultural research was
made by him when he was working in
Rothamsted Experimental
Station (Centre for Agricultural
Research in England).

46.  hypothesis-testing research studies known as
experimental studies are those researcher tests the
hypothesis of casual relationship between variables.

47.  Experiment is a study in
which the investigator
manipulates or varies
(called the independent
variables) &
measures other variables
(called the
dependent
variables).

48.  When an experiment is
possible it is the most
effective method of testing a
hypothesis.
i.e; one variable ‘X’
casually influences
another variable ‘Y’

49. There are three basic principles
of experimental designs :
1. The principle of
replication
2. The principle of
randomization
3. The principle of local

50. 1. The principle of replication
According to this , the experiment
should be repeated more than
once.
Thus, each treatment is applied in many
experimental units instead of one.
By doing so, the statistical accuracy of
the experiments is increased.

51. 2. The principle of randomisation
This provides protection against
the effects of extraneous factors
by randomization.
We may apply randomization principle and
protect ourselves
against the effects
of the extraneous factors.

52. 3. The principle of local control
According to this principle, we first
divide the field into several
homogeneous parts, known as
blocks, and then each such block is
divided into part equal
to the number of
treatments.

53. Advantages
 Lead to more accurate
results.
 Give optimum efficiency
and reliability.

54. Minimize the wastage of
time as well as money.
confidence in the
research.
Provides satisfaction &
success.

55. •INFORMAL DESIGN
•FORMAL DESIGN

56. FORMAL DESIGN
 Completely randomized
 Randomized block
 Latin square
 Factorial design

57. COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED
DESIGN: (CR DESIGN)
 In a completely randomized design, objects or subjects are
assigned to groups completely at random. One standard method
for assigning subjects to treatment groups is to label each
subject, then use a table of random numbers to select from the
labelled subjects. This may also be accomplished using a
computer.
 It involves only two principle viz ; the principle of replication and
randomization
 It is generally used when experimental areas happen to be
homogenous
 Technically, when all the variations due to uncontrolled
extraneous factors are included under the heading of chance
variation , we refer to the design of experiment as CR Design

58.  If an experimenter is aware of specific differences among groups of
subjects or objects within an experimental group, he or she may prefer
a randomized block design to a completely randomized design.
 In a block design, experimental subjects are first divided into
homogeneous blocks before they are randomly assigned to a treatment
group.
 If, for instance, an experimenter had reason to believe that age might
be a significant factor in the effect of a given medication, he might
choose to first divide the experimental subjects into age groups, such as
under 30 years old, 30-60 years old, and over 60 years old.
 Then, within each age level, individuals would be assigned to treatment
groups using a completely randomized design. In a block design, both
control and randomization are considered.
 It is an improvement over the CR design.
 In the RB design the principle of local control can be applied along
with the other two principles
RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN:
(RB DESIGN)

59. LATIN SQUARE DESIGN :
(LS DESIGN)
 It is used in agricultural research . The treatment in a
LS design are also allocated among the plots that no
treatment occurs more than once in any row or column

60.  It is used in experiments where the effects of varying
more than one factor are to be determined.
 They are especially important in several economic and
social phenomena where usually a large number of
factors affect a particular problem
FACTORIAL DESIGN

61. Informal research design
 After only design
 After only with control design
 Before & after without control design
 Before & after with control design
 Ex-post facto design

62.  After-only design: This design consists of applying
the experimental variables to an experimental group &
measuring the dependent variable.
 After-only with control design: In this case two
equivalent groups are selected: one is control group &
other one is experiment group. The treatment is
provided to the experimental group.

63.  Before-after without control design: In this design
the researcher measures the test unit (independent
variables) before & after it has been subjected to the
treatment.
 Before-after with control design: In this case an
experimental unit is selected & studied during the
experimental period.

64. Thnx all