12. Developed Countries Tried to Put Blame on Developing Countries in
Terms
Population Growth and Poverty
Developing Countries Tried to Put Blame for Environmental Degradation
On Developed Countries
Because of
Affluence or Energy Intensive Consumption Patterns
13.
14.
15.
16. Externality Problem
Market Based (Ex-ante) Instruments
Emission Charges or Taxes
Deposit-refund Systems
Marketable or Tradable Emission Permits
Output Taxes; and
Performance Bonds and No-compliance Fees
Reducing Government Subsidies
17. Command and Control Regulation: Standards
Criteria for choosing among environmental Policy
Instruments
Environmental Effectiveness
Static Efficiency
Dynamic incentives
Flexibility
Monitoring and Enforcement
Equity; and
Acceptability
Bargaining Solutions: Coase theorem
Liability (Ex-post)
Information Programmes
18. Introduction
UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972
The Water Act of 1974 (Amendment, 1988)
The Constitution of India (42nd Amendment,
1976)
The Air Act of 1981 (Amendment, 1987)
Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984
The Environmental Protection Act of 1986
The Environmental Protection Rules of 1986
The Product Liability Insurance Act of 1991
19. The UN Conference on Environment and Development
(Earth Summit), 1992 (Rio)
Agenda 21
Precautionary Principle (15)
Polluter Pays Principle (16)
The Earth Summit, 2002
