Task 10

1. TASK 10
(RESPONSIBILITIES AND OBLIGATIONS OF WRITERS)
Alan Smith

2. Social and Cultural awareness
To define social awareness it would be that you should know what is socially
acceptable from you in society and you should act in that manner. Cultural awareness
however means that you should know the different cultures reading the newspaper
for example or other media products. You should respect and appreciate the
differences.
Understanding and following these are important when studying to be a journalist
because the way people are presented in your work may form the opinion of the
public reading it. It is vital your work is fair and unbiased.
To learn which aspects in writing you should be very accurate and balanced with, the
NUJ have produced a list that you can follow. Learning this as a trainee of the union
can give you the best possible start.
Terrorism, Race, Asylum and Immigration, HIV, Age, Disability and Suicide are all
part of the guidelines you should follow when reporting on a story given to you.
By following and taking these topics into account when producing your work you
will avoid
any upset within the public reading the media as well as stopping any further
discrimination by adding to the readers beliefs and misconceptions about people in
these categories already.

3. The NUJ's code of conduct was first developed in 1936. The union has an ethics
committee which is responsible for developing the NUJ's policy on ethics and
provides advice for members. The 12 rules set should be followed at all times.
1) At all times upholds and defends the principle of media freedom, the
right of freedom of expression and the right of the public to be informed.
This first point explains the need for the public to be informed. They must be
informed with correct information and not opinion. Opinion can be used, however as
it states about media freedom and expression.
2) Strives to ensure that information disseminated is honestly conveyed,
accurate and fair.
This second point makes it very clear that the information is accurate and fair rather
than you, the journalist making it sound like something it is not to fit in with your
opinion. Honest information should be presented so the reader can make their own
opinion.
3) Does her/his utmost to correct harmful inaccuracies.
This third rule looks into the correction of harmful inaccuracies. These can be in
relation to the guidelines on the previous slide.

4. 4) Differentiates between fact and opinion.
This can often get confusing in articles when writers get very passionate about their topic. It
is important to remain professional and realise that you are providing a service for the public
and they want news not your opinion on it.
5) Obtains material by honest, straightforward and open means, with the exception of
investigations that are both overwhelmingly in the public interest and which involve
evidence that cannot be obtained by straightforward means.
Many of the rules cover the same issues concerning the importance to produce honest,
reliable and straightforward articles that clearly show the difference to what is fact and what
your opinion on the matter is. These rules are to make sure the journalist understands and
abides by them.
6)Does nothing to intrude into anybody’s private life, grief or distress unless justified
by overriding consideration of the public interest.
This covers over harassing people to gather information to produce a good story. This is
wrong. If the public can benefit from you going out of your way to cause grief then it can be
seen as acceptable, however in most cases this is a rule that needs to be followed.
7) Protects the identity of sources who supply information in confidence and material
gathered in the course of her/his work.
It is important that if a source asks not to be mentioned, you respect their wishes and not
include the name as this goes against their right to privacy.

5. 8) Resists threats or any other inducements to influence, distort or suppress
information and takes no unfair personal advantage of information gained in
the course of her/his duties before the information is public knowledge.
Again, this looks over the idea of taking the power of the occupation into your own
advantage. This is wrong, you should be providing information to the public as
they have a right to know and this should be as soon as possible.
If you have the information then you must produce it and inform the public.
9) Produces no material likely to lead to hatred or discrimination on the
grounds of a person’s age, gender, race, colour, creed, legal status,
disability, marital status, or sexual orientation.
All the rules have equal importance, however this one you must make sure you
abide by. Producing material that can lead to discrimination is something that
should not happen. If the reader already has hatred towards one of these groups
then adding to it through the idea of ‘news’ then this can have bad consequences.
The work you produce should avoid any material in relation to disability
or race or any other important aspect. Unless you can portray them in a clear
manner which does not lead to hatred.

6. 10) Does not by way of statement, voice or appearance endorse by advertisement any commercial
product or service save for the promotion of her/his own work or of the medium by which she/he is
employed.
You should not promote you work in any way to get your article or piece out there. Forcing information to
the public is not right. Providing the service should be the public wanting to choose for example the
newspaper you work for over another.
11) A journalist shall normally seek the consent of an appropriate adult when interviewing or
photographing a child for a story about her/his welfare.
This is a very delicate rule and needs to be understood. When working with children your story, it is very
important that a parent or guardian has allowed you to do so.
12) Avoids plagiarism.
This can be a very common factor within the media industry and that of taking credit for someone else’s
work. This is wrong. If you want to include extracts from a piece then you must state clearly where it is from
and by who.
The NUJ code includes a new 'conscience clause’ This states that can refuse to produce work in breach of
the code and will be given the support of their union if they do so.
A good example of the backing towards the clause was from Lord Justice Leveson recently. Sir Brian Henry
Leveson is an English judge, currently the President of the Queen's Bench Division. Leveson chaired
the public inquiry into
the culture, practices and ethics of the British press, prompted by the News of the World phone hacking
affair.

7. In this piece by the NUJ, they are announcing
that their long standing conscience is still
being supported and by the high figure of
Lord Leveson.
This first section is very clear and concise. It
is mentioning about the fact that the union
has been campaigning for years against
employers and that they are ‘delighted’ that
the journalists voices are finally being heard.
The text goes on to explain about Lord
Leveson listening to them and their concerns
however the last paragraph is what caught
the eye.
"It is disappointing that Lord Leveson has
not made recommendations in relation to
media ownership and plurality - it is significant
that the unfolding scandal at News
International happened in a company with a
35.15% share of the market and in a
workplace where the NUJ has been
effectively blocked by Rupert Murdoch for
years.
The report is looking into the idea that the
NUJ can finally start to look up with the
support of big names. The last sentence in
this paragraph is very interesting.
NUJ being blocked by Rupert Murdoch for
years. With this phone hacking scandal there
was no room for the union to take great
action.

8. According to the Oxford Dictionary a Connotation is an idea or feeling which
a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning. For example
the word ‘discipline’ has unhappy connotations of punishment and repression.
A connotation is in fact the opposite to denotation. A connotation is something that is
implied when a word is used, whereas a denotation is the actual definition.
In relation to journalism and the way they produce their work it is important that the correct
words and phrases are used to describe a person. The way in which you describe someone
or something can influence the reader.
The reaction to connotations can be either cultural or emotional. There are positive and
negative connotationsthat feature in pieces of text. For example; Dove meaning peace,
Hollywood meaning fame and Wall street suggesting wealth. With this there must be
negatives as well.
Using words such as Chicken meaning coward or referring to a woman as babe. Mistakes
can easily be made in your work so the NUJ have set more guidelines, this time to set out
what words you should use. There is also a contact number to ask someone who is there to
help.
Examples include; Bum- Homeless, Childish- Childlike, Difficult- Challenging, Fat-
Overweight, Fired- Terminated, Job- Career, Conceited- Self confident. The way you as a
journalist phrase one word can determine how successful you become and how
many people you may anger. You need to make sure that all your work is fair,
Balanced and does not harm any of the readers.

9. 31 percent of headlines and 53 percent of text about asylum across all newspapers has
negative connotations. Is it any wonder why many of the readers are becoming extremely
angry.
In an article by Chitra Nagarajan. ‘How politicians and the media made us hate immigrants’
it is mentioned that the problem is not immigration but socio-economic inequality.
‘Media outlets often inflate or speculate about numbers of asylum seekers, refugees and
immigrants. Newspaper and TV images play into the dominant stereotype of the young
dangerous man breaking into Britain and threatening ‘our’ communities’.
‘Language used to describe immigration is highly hostile across all newspaper types, with
‘illegal’ and ‘bogus’ the most commonly used terms to describe immigrants and asylum
seekers’
‘In addition to mis-reporting, there is also ‘over-reporting’. In 2002, for example, 25 percent
of Daily Mail and 24 percent of Daily Express articles were about asylum’.
This idea of over reporting ties in well with the idea of bias and not balancing articles. These
newspapers such as the Daily Mail and Express make an article to suit their own agenda
and is made in a way to relate to their opinions on the matter.
http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2013/08/we-need-change-very-language-we-use-
talk-about-immigrants
https://www.opendemocracy.net/transformation/chitra-nagarajan/how-politicians-and-media-
made-us-hate-immigrants

10. The NUJ have clear guidelines on all aspects in relation to making sure you are not being offensive in the work you
produce that is a service to he public.
Guidelines on reporting immigration and asylum:
Use the term "immigrant" with caution, it is still wrongly used to describe people born in Britain. Asylum seeker,
refugee or EU migrant worker? Get the terminology right. Asylum seeker is a person who has left their home country as
a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another country.
A refugee is someone who was an asylum seeker but who has now been granted refugee status.
An EU migrant worker is someone who has moved to the UK to work. Their stay in the UK may be temporary or longer
term.
When quoting politicians or public figures, verify if their statements on immigration are factual.
Ask experts who can help set the context and ensure you check details with a reputable source.
Many allegations are made about asylum seekers, ensure you substantiate them, if they are unable to be verified, make
this clear.
Don't use terms such as "bogus", "illegal" or "failed" asylum seeker. If necessary, use "refused" asylum seeker instead. A
fairer term to use for someone who has outstayed their visa is "undocumented" or "irregular".
Don't use emotive, value-laden language, such as "floods" of immigrants. Stick to facts.
These guidelines are very clear and detailed. You must stick to these, if you are not sure at any point during the process of
writing and article. Make sure you ask the union.
In terms of general guidelines you must only include a person's race if relevant. Check that you have it right. Would you
mention race if the person was white?
Do not assume a cultural background from a person's name – check with them or their community. Remember that Black
communities are culturally diverse. Get a full and correct view from representative organisations.
Exercise care, balance and proportionality when covering race relations issues.
https://www.nuj.org.uk/work/nuj-ethics/ The union can help with ethical issues via the NUJ ethics council, ethics helpline
and email support.

11. Alternative readings
When journalists write they have an image in their mind on who the reader will be. It is from this that the language
used may be changed to relate to them as the journalist will see them as sharing the same opinion.
That is not the case. Anybody could pick up the newspaper or magazine and find to be insulted by it. Is from this
that you as the writer needs to make sure that the piece is well balanced, accurate and does not cause any offense.
When looking at producing work to those who you believe share the same ethics and beliefs it is important to look
at Stuart Hall a Jamaican-born cultural theorist and sociologist.
There is a huge amount of detail concerning Hall and what he wrote about. Reception theory is something that can
be relevant towards journalists.
Also known as audience reception, this is when a group of readers have a shared cultural background and
interpret the text in similar ways.
It is likely that the less shared heritage a reader has with the artist, the less he or she will be able to recognise the
artist's intended meaning, and it follows that if two readers have vastly different cultural and personal experiences,
their reading of a text will vary greatly.
From this it explains that the less the person reading about the article knows about the writer the more offended
they will be, this is due to not understanding their meaning behind it. The idea of different cultures is important.
People may not understand the way you have written something as it may be something they have not
experienced before.
This means that as a journalist you must expect people to have never read from this newspaper before and you
must be careful and balanced with every topic as people can interpret things in different ways. Making sure
your article causes no offense is all that can be asked from you.

12. Credibility
The Oxford Dictionary describes credibility as ‘the quality of being believable or worthy of trust’
This is vital for journalists because without the trust of the readers they will find it difficult to believe any piece of text that is written. Once seen as not credible
then journalists will see value on stories go down.
In order to be credible a journalist much follow five aspects. They must be Objective, Accurate, Truthful, Fair and Balanced in all the work they produce.
Objective: Journalists should be impartial for any subject they write about. It is important to avoid having an agenda in your work and you should not include an
article to enhance your beliefs and influence the reader to agree with you. To be credible you must understand how to present information and avoid being
prejudice.
This idea of an agenda is demonstrated well in newspapers. The idea of choosing between left and right wing. Left being papers such as The Independent that are
seen to be very credible, whereas ‘The Sun’ on the right, less so.
To make the point of objectivity the example of ‘The Cook Report’ is a good one. This was a British current affairs television show that featured on ITV from 1987.
This was seen to be a credible source of information as Roger Cook who was behind the show was an BAFTA award winning investigative journalist and
broadcaster.
However, in 2000 ‘News of the World’ (Hugely right wing at the time) published a series of front page allegations claiming that The Cook Report had faked
a number of programmes in which crimes were set up for Roger Cook to solve.
Even though Roger Cook and Members of the production team issued writs for Libel against the former newspaper, their credibility was still damaged
due to the report. This clearly shows how
much influence a paper can have over the public. News of the World demanded an investigation was made by the Independent Television
Commission.
After witnesses for the defense had voluntarily retracted their paid-for testimony, The News of the World reluctantly had to agree with the ITC’s
conclusions and made a statement to that effect in open court.
This idea of paid for testimonies is a perfect example into credibility and the idea of taking part in certain actions to produce something that makes
your investigation look as if it is correct. The News of the world was later investigated and on the 7th July 2011, after 168 years in print they were shut
down due to allegations into the phone hacking scandal.
After the loss of 200 jobs the credibility of the newspaper was completely lost. This newspaper was not objective in its reports over the years and
especially on the accusations surrounding Roger Cook. It is important to not attack people with your agenda and opinions. Base all your work on fact.

13. The next point when looking into how to be seen as credible is that of accuracy. It is very important that all the work you
produce is correct and based on facts and figures you have gathered from reliable sources. To be seen as credible you must
makes sure the basic names, dates, times and quotes are all correct. This may be seen as somewhat of a formality,
however many journalists can get this wrong and the consequences can be huge for those involved.
An example of where distress and harm has been caused by creating articles without checking the source would be:
On 16 September we published an article headed ‘I’ve had Moore women than James Bond’ which claimed that Sir Roger
Moore had recently spoken exclusively to The People and made comments to our journalist about his private life. We now
accept that Sir Roger did not give an interview to our reporter and did not make the comments that were reported in the
headline. We apologise for any distress and embarrassment our article has caused to Sir Roger Moore and we have
agreed to pay him damages and legal costs.
(The Sunday People issuing an apology)
This looks into the idea that a newspaper can just make up a story and without thinking about the people it may cause. The
statement accepts that they did not give an interview with Roger Moore. It is from this where the public may start to realise
how credible the Sunday People is and perhaps look at alternatives.
It is from this where IPSO was created. To deal with complaints. Starting in September 2014 and taking over from the press
complaints commission this regulatory body tries to maintain and measure performance and that journalists follow the
editors code of practice. If they do not then they are set up to deal with issues concerning something published.
The third aspect and perhaps the most important behind being seen as a credible journalist is being able to report the
truth. Without this in the work you produce you could face serious actions taken against you both legal and ethical.
You must make sure you produce fact and actual news rather than your opinion or something made up in order to grab
attention of the reader. Producing false articles and putting words in peoples mouths can lead to your reputation being
ruined but more importantly the person you are wrongly accusing being judged wrongly by the public.
Many journalists do not understand the meaning of being truthful and some often bend ‘facts’ to tie in with what
They are saying about someone or something. As a journalist you have a professional obligation to assemble and verify
facts. Why don’t newspapers tell the truth? They are focused on selling their product rather focusing on facts as these can
often be seen as less exciting.

14. An example of a newspaper being caught out not telling the truth in their work would be from the
London Evening Standard.
In our diary article “Museum finally signs its deal to be fine and dandy” we referred to the exhibition of the
late Sebastian Horsley’s suits at the Museum of London and the Whoresley show, an exhibition of his
pictures at the Outsiders Gallery.
By unfortunate error we referred to Rachel Garley, the late Sebastian Horsley’s girlfriend, who
arranged the exhibitions, as a prostitute.
We accept that Ms Garley is not and has never been a prostitute. We offer our sincere apologies to Ms
Garley for the damage to her reputation and the distress and embarrassment she has suffered as a
result.
“Museum finally signs its deal to be fine and dandy”
Sebastian Horsley is a showpiece now. The Museum of London has just signed a deal with Rachel
Garvey, the prostitute girlfriend of the late Soho dandy, to exhibit 13 of his suits, a number of hats,
shoes, shirts, outfits and umbrellas, as well as his last diary and a cardboard cutout of himself. Horsley,
who died of a drug overdose in 2010, had left his estate to Garvey.
Here above is an extract from the article, higher up is the apology made for the use of the word prostitute.
Stating this without any evidence to back up the claim can have disastrous consequences for everyone.
Rachel Garvey now has to rebuild her reputation whereas the newspaper will need to work very hard to
be seen as credible by many of their readers now.
It is clear this was not truthful and puts the point very clearly. As a journalist you want to build yourself a
good reputation to be known as reliable and trustworthy. Our working journalists who follow the
guidelines set are very established because of it.

15. The last part to being able to say you are a credible journalist is that of being both Fair and balanced in all
that you write. Number 2 in the NUJ Codes of Practice states that you Strive to ensure that information
disseminated is honestly conveyed, accurate and fair.
Being fair involves mentioning both sides to an argument and not just explaining one side to a story to suit
with your own agenda as part of working for a newspaper. It is clear papers are divided between both wings
and from this there are readers who believe certain aspects in the world and therefore purchase a particular
newspaper.
It is important that when working on a piece you can say that you have produced a balanced report, not just
placing the other side to a story near the end of the piece. Overlooking or ignoring one side is not right and
just the same as using facts and figures to sway a story or piece into your opinion. The common way is to use
‘experts’ on articles.
These experts are seen to to legitimise a story. But often the public ignore that these people have their
own opinions on matters. Quoting and using someone who believes with your beliefs as a paper is not
helping to create a balanced story and is not fair.
These “experts” are always members of left-wing. In relation to an abortion case these experts would give
their say on it but they are never identified for their bias. The media has gone out of its way for years to
push the liberal agenda on abortion.
Bias by selection of source. ‘Experts say’ ‘Most people believe’ ‘Observers say’ these are often used in stories to
make them ‘reliable’ they do not. These often never state who this person is quoting on a piece.
The newspaper could have taken them off the street. Just because they are used, it does not make them a
reliable source of information.
Bias by commission looks into the point about being balanced. Papers completely leave out one persons
opinion on a matter to make them look like they are in the wrong and the papers point is backed up by the
other side they mention more than the other.

16. Legal and Ethical Obligations
Defamation is defined as the action of damaging the good reputation of someone.
The Free online Dictionary explains defamation to be:
Any intentional false communication, either written or spoken, that harms a person's reputati
on; decreases the respect, regard, or confidence
in which a person is held; or induces disparaging, hostile, or disagreeable opinions or feeling
s against a person.
Defamation may be a criminal or civil charge. It encompasses both written statements, know
n as LIBEL, and spoken statements, called slander.
To understand this further there is a good example in the media. Thomas Sheridan against
News Group Newspapers.
This was a civil court case brought by Tommy Sheridan against the publishers of the News
of the World.
On the 4th July 2006 he alleged that the News of the World defamed his character through a
series of articles in their publication.
Tommy Sheridan is a Scottish politician and the allegations against the paper were
in order to protect his reputation.

17. Key points
News of the World’s defence was that Sheridan had engaged in adulterous affairs with other women. And
attended swingers clubs in Manchester and Sheffield.
This was supported by 18 witnesses that testified they had sexual relations with Sheridan while he was married.
National Union of Journalists Scottish Organiser Paul Holleran admitted advising Tommy Sheridan who was a NUJ
member.
Six witnesses were also called to support Sheridan's claim
The judge decided that due to the nature of the conflicting witness evidence, it may be necessary to investigate.
Later that day the jury decided that Tommy Sheridan had been defamed. The News of the World was ordered to
pay damages of £200,000.
(This is how many defamation cases end, with the newspaper being in the wrong and having to pay a
huge fine, however this was one rare occasion that they were correct)
What happened next?
The fine was not paid and News of the World's editor Bob Bird immediately announced the newspaper intended to
appeal the verdict on the basis of perjury against the ‘witnesses’.
On 16 December 2007 Tommy Sheridan was charged with perjury and later 6 others were also.
It is estimated that the costs of this investigation may reach £500,000.
In summary, Defamation is something to be taken seriously. This case is somewhat of an anomaly and
should you run a story hard it can harm a reputation. The NUJ does offer advice like we did for Thomas Sheridan
when it was the understanding he was incident. It is important to gather correct information.

18. The Oxford Dictionary defines Copyright as:
The exclusive and assignable legal right, given to the originator for a fixed number of years, to
print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material.
In relation to Journalists, they must be careful not to break copyright law by reproducing work
which is not theirs without permission.
Plagiarism (The practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s
own) is something that can be done by journalists and it is important that the work you claim to be
yours, is!
An example of Plagiarism In the media is:
In an October 2007 column for The Sun-Herald, Australian television presenter David Koch
plagiarised verbatim three lines from a column in The Sunday Telegraph.
Koch stated to Media Watch: "... it has since been pointed out to me that these 3 sentences look
as though they came from a similar story in another newspaper. While that was not obvious in the
research brief it isn't an excuse and I take full responsibility for the mistake.”
David James Koch, nicknamed Kochie’s credibility was then questioned after.
Number 12 and the last point in the NUJ code of conduct is ‘Avoid Plagiarism’ It is from this where
the NUJ and many other places offer advice over plagiarism and there is an online checker to
reassure your work has not been used elsewhere.
If you do use someone else’s work, not a problem, as long as you reference where you got it
from.

19. When dealing with children and young people, it is vital that they are treated in a certain way.
An example of this was in the media. Weller vs. Associated Newspapers Limited.
In April earlier this year, Paul Weller and his family won a total of £10.000 in damages for the misuse of private information.
The background in this is that Paul Weller and his family were in an article by Mail Online. The heading being ‘A family day
out’ and they had been followed by paparazzi.
Under that heading there were seven images of the family in Los Angeles. The first child in the photographs was Dylan
Weller, then aged 16, who was wrongly described as Hannah Weller, Paul Weller’s wife.
As well as Dylan, the images contained twins John-Paul and Bowie, both who were 10 months old.
David Sherborne, lawyer for the Weller family, said Hannah Weller - the mother of the twins - had not been in the public
eye before her marriage and had taken active steps to prevent their faces being seen in the media.
Photos taken in the street, and not in circumstances such as premieres or for promotion, were a "blatant impediment to
the natural social progress of children", he said.
“There was no relevant debate of public interest to which the publication of the photographs contributed. The balance of
the general interest of having a vigorous and flourishing newspaper industry does not outweigh the interests of the children
in this case,” Mr. Justice Dingemans.
"The photographs showed nothing more than Paul Weller and three of his children out and about in public places,” The Mail
said.
"There was no claim and no finding that we had followed, harassed or targeted Mr. Weller or his children and no request
had ever been made to pixellate the children's faces.
It is important that when becoming a journalist you take into account the young children that may be risked by your reports
or images. This example shows how a family in the media lime light can be affected. This however is not just concerning
celebrity children.
Information from:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-27049435

20. i) Young people should be free to complete their time at school without unnecessary
intrusion.
ii) A child under 16 must not be interviewed or photographed on issues involving their
own or another child’s welfare unless a custodial parent or similarly responsible adult
consents.
iii) Pupils must not be approached or photographed at school without the permission of
the school authorities.
iv) Minors must not be paid for material involving children’s welfare, nor parents or
guardians for material about their children or wards, unless it is clearly in the child's
interest.
v) Editors must not use the fame, notoriety or position of a parent or guardian as sole
justification for publishing details of a child’s private life.
This was in relation to the example. Dylan Weller was 16 and his parents were not
consulted. The same issues were surrounding their twin boys both 10 months old.
This last point was something that meets the same understanding Justice Dingemans had
over the case and that of using Paul Weller’s fame as a reason to publish images of the
children, something that is not in the public interest and should not happen.

21. Confidentiality
“Journalists have a moral obligation to protect confidential sources of information”.
Taken from the Editors Code of Practice. This reflects the views of many journalists and takes into account the people they
have to speak to when looking into an article.
Often, these people journalists speak people who have done something illegal or taking part in illegal events.
Confidentiality is about the expectation you have of someone keeping your secrets – The law states that a person who has
obtained information in confidence must not take unfair advantage of it unless you are given permission otherwise you can
be sued.
There are three aspects to a breech of confidence:
-The information must have ‘the necessary quality of confidence’
-The information must have been imparted in circumstances imposing an obligation of confidence
-There must be an unauthorised use of that information to the determent of the party communicating it
The use of confidential sources should be avoided whenever possible. Putting aside the legal implications, attributing
information to unnamed people hinders your readers’ ability to assess the credibility of your sources and by extension you.
If you decide that information is newsworthy to warrant a promise of confidentiality, consider the following tips, which may
help protect you in a defamation suit based on the information.
-Discuss the scope of confidentiality with the source, establishing a clear agreement about when and to whom, if anyone,
you will disclose the source’s identity.
-Make clear that you are not reporting the information as incontrovertible fact and caution the reader that it is based on
material provided by a person who asked that his or her identity not be revealed.
See more:
http://www.journalism-now.co.uk/media-law-confidentiality-11/
http://www.rcfp.org/browse-media-law-resources/digital-journalists-legal-guide/limits-promising-confidentiality-0

22. Official Secrets Act
People working with sensitive information are commonly required to sign a statement to the effect that they agree to abide by the
restrictions of the Official Secrets Act.
The Act looks into information that could affect National Security.
A recent example of how this was put into action in the media was the Metropolitan Police demanding that the sources were handed in
by the Guardian.
Back when reporters Amelia Hill and Nick Davies revealed the hacking of Milly Dowler's phone there has been an investigation and
now information is being told to be handed over.
The Guardian's editor, Alan Rusbridger, said on Friday: "We shall resist this extraordinary demand to the utmost".
Our general secretary here at the NUJ, Michelle Stanistreet, said: "This is a very serious threat to journalists and the NUJ will fight off
this vicious attempt to use the Official Secrets Act … Journalists have investigated the hacking story and told the truth to the
public. They should be congratulated rather than being hounded and criminalised by the state.
"The protection of sources is an essential principle which has
been repeatedly reaffirmed by the European court of human
rights as the cornerstone of press freedom.
The NUJ shall defend it. In 2007 a judge made it clear that
journalists and their sources are protected under article 10 of
the Human Rights Act and it applies to leaked material. The
use of the Official Secrets Act is a disgraceful attempt to get
round this existing judgment.”
The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) is an integral part of the
British constitution.
It impacts on many areas of law in the UK and on the actions
of all public bodies. It provides for greater openness and
transparency in government decision- making and acts as a
crucial check on executive power.
http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/16/phone-hacking-met-court-order
https://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/sites/default/files/journalist-s-guide-to-the-human-
rights-act-january-2011.pdf

23. Ethical
Codes of Practice such as the NUJ and Editors are put in place to give guidelines for journalists.
The idea behind the codes are that journalists know what to write and how to go about doing so. They are also there for a
place to check your work and make sure you know terminology is Ethically correct.
If a person feels that the rules have been broken in these codes and a piece of writing or imagery has caused offense then
there is an organisation put in place to deal with complaints.
This was where the Press Complaints Commission first established itself.
The Press Complaints Commission (PCC) was a voluntary regulatory body for British printed newspapers and magazines,
consisting of representatives of the major publishers.
PCC was closed earlier this year and has now been replaced by IPSO- Independent Press Standards Organisation.
IPSO have been put in place to deal with complaints and look into harassment by the media. They makes sure the
Editors Code of Practice is followed.
(If you are experiencing problems with unwanted attention or harassment by journalists, or if you are concerned that a
publication intends to publish information that you believe breaches the Editors' Code, IPSO may be able to assist. We
offer practical advice and support and act pre-publication to ensure that relevant newspapers or magazines are alerted
to your concerns where necessary. Our team is available 24hrs a day to provide emergency support.)

24. Editors Code of Practice
All members of the press have a duty to maintain the highest professional standards. The Code, which includes this
preamble and the public interest exceptions below, sets the benchmark for those ethical standards, protecting both the
rights of the individual and the public's right to know.
The Sixteen areas surrounding this Code are: (*Public Interest could be argued for in relation to this.)
Accuracy- The press must take care not to publish inaccurate, misleading or distorted information.
Opportunity to reply- A fair opportunity for reply to inaccuracies must be given when reasonably called for.
*Privacy- Everyone is entitled to respect for his or her private and family life, home, health and correspondence.
*Harassment- Journalists must not engage in intimidation, harassment or persistent pursuit. They must stop
when asked
Intrusion in to shock or grief- Approaches must be made with sympathy and discretion. Publication handled
sensitively.
*Children- Young people should be free to complete their time at school without unnecessary intrusion.
*Children in sex cases- The press must not identify children under 16 who are victims or witnesses in cases of
sex offences.
*Hospitals- Journalists must identify themselves and obtain permission from a responsible executive before
entering.
*Reporting of crime- Relatives or friends of persons convicted or accused of crime should not generally be
Identified without their consent unless they are genuinely relevant to the story.
*Clandestine devices and subterfuge- The press must not seek to obtain or publish material acquired by using
hidden cameras or clandestine listening devices.
Victims of sexual assault- The press must not identify victims of sexual assault.
Discrimination- The press must avoid prejudicial or pejorative references.
Financial journalism- Journalists must not use for their own profit financial information they receive in advance of
its general publication.
Confidential sources- Journalists have a moral obligation to protect confidential sources of information.
Witness payments in criminal trials- No payment or offer of payment to a witness
*Payment to criminals- Payment or offers of payment for stories, pictures or information, which seek to exploit a
particular crime or to glorify or glamorise crime in general, must not be made.

25. Comparing with the NUJ codes
Privacy- Editors will be expected to justify intrusions into any individual's private life without consent. It is unacceptable to
photograph individuals in private places without their consent.
NUJ explains privacy in their code of conduct. Seen in the image below. You should not intrude into anybody’s private life,
grief or distress. This also covers Intrusion and Harassment
They must not persist in questioning, telephoning, pursuing or photographing individuals once asked to desist; nor remain
on their property when asked to leave and must not follow them. If requested, they must identify themselves and whom
they represent.
Children-
A journalist shall normally seek the consent of an appropriate
adult when interviewing or photographing a child for a story
about her/his welfare.
Discrimination-
Produces no material likely to lead to hatred or discrimination
on the grounds of a person’s age, gender, race, colour, creed,
legal status, disability, marital status, or sexual orientation.
Clandestine devices and subterfuge
Obtains material by honest, straightforward and open means,
with the exception of investigations that are both
overwhelmingly in the public interest and which involve
evidence that cannot be obtained by straightforward means.
http://www.pcc.org.uk/assets/696Code_of_Practice_2012_A4.pdf
https://www.nuj.org.uk/about/nuj-code/