petroleum upstream industries activities and india

1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO
UPSTREAM INDUSTRIES AND
PRESENT INDIAN SCENARIO
India’s only Energy Company in Fortune’s ‘World’s Most Admired’ List

2. EXPLORATION CYCLE
• The following methods are sequentially used in the exploration for crude oil and
gas
Introducton to Petroleum Exporation2
Gravity / Magnetic Surveys
Geological Field Mapping/ Remote Sensing
Seismic Data API (2D/3D)
Prospect Identification
Drilling
Reservoir Studies
Production
Well Logs & VSP
BHS &
Simulation

3. GEOLOGY
Even where the organic matter can become mature, not all of it becomes petroleum.
In a typical case a normal marine shale with only 1% original organic matter will
have less than a third of it converted to the hydrocarbon molecules that make up oil
and natural gas (Waples, 1981).
The rest remains behind as an insoluble organic residue

4. GEOLOGY
• However, the least efficient step is yet to come.
• Of all the petroleum generated, only a small part, usually less than 1%
(Hunt, 1977), is able to undergo migration out of the source bed to
accumulate within a porous and permeable reservoir.
• The majority of petroleum, or even in some cases all of it, will be
dispersed for lack of a good arrangement of strata to trap it, or will leak
out to the surface, for lack of a good impermeable seal or caprock.

5. GEOLOGY
• If any one of these factors is missing or inadequate, the prospect
will be dry and the exploration effort will be unrewarded.
• Not surprisingly then, less than half of the world's explored
sedimentary basins have proved productive (Huff, 1980) and
typically only a fraction of 1% of the petroleum basin's area, and at
most 5% to 10%, is actually prospective (Weeks, 1975).

6. GEOLOGY
• A trap is a geometric configuration of
structures &/or strata, in which permeable
rock types (the reservoir) are surrounded &
confined by impermeable rock types (the
seal).
• Most traps fall into one of three categories:
structural traps, stratigraphic traps, or
combination traps

7. STRUCTURAL TRAP

8. STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP

9. Geological inputs
• Remote Sensing
• Geological map
• Cross section
• Sediment thickness
• Type of fill
• Subsidence history

10. GEOPHYSICAL DATA ACQUISITION
Data Acquisition
Data Interpretation
&
Data Processing
Reservoir Estimation

11. GEOPHYSICAL DATA ACQUISITION
Layering of sediments above
the earth’s surface can be
seen from Geological outcrops
But how do we “see” the
picture that is hidden below?

12. ANTICLINE
Anticline Outcrop (Cross Section View)

13. GEOPHYSICAL DATA ACQUISITION
• Seismic surveys
allow
geophysicists to
see beneath the
surface and map
areas that are not
visible.

14. On land Seismic Data Acquisition

15. Offshore Seismic Data Acquisition

16. Pre-drilling Inputs
Prospecting
Geological
Geophysical
Geochemical
Geological mapping &
traversing
Gravity, Magnetic &
Seismic
Geobotanical Microbial survey

17. geophysical prospecting
 Gravity prospecting includes measuring a field of force
in the earth that is not generated by the observer. The
Field instruments are designed to measure differences
in gravity. The Variation in gravity depend on lateral
changes in the density of earths materials. Most
sedimentary rocks have densities lower than basement
rocks, make possible to map boundaries and determine
approximate depth distribution of sedimentary basins.
 Magentic prospecting gives information to determine
the depth to basement rocks to locate and define
extent of sedimentary basins. The Sedimentary rocks
exert small magnetic effects compared to igneous
rocks. All variations in magnetic intensity measurable
at surface result from topographic or lithologic changes
associated with basement or igneous intrusives

18. geophysical prospecting
• The seismic methods for exploration utilizes the fact that
the reflecting surfaces between two rock beds have
different lithology and density. The main purpose is to
know depth of subsurface sedimentary beds and their
alignment and structure like horizontal beds, inclined beds,
folds faulted beds etc. Sound energy is either generated
through a dynamite blast within a shot hole or a vibrater or
a airgun (in case of marine surveys). The elastic waves (P-
waves or primary waves) while propagating through
sedimentary beds, part of energy will bounce back
whenever they strike boundaries of rock beds having
different densities of hardness. These reflections are
received by geophones which in turn recorded along with
time of their arrival which is called seismogram.

19. Geochemical Modelling
Surface & subsurface seeps
Organic richness of sediments
Thermal history
Identification of maturation window

20. Requirements for exploring a Basin
• Geological map
• Cross section
• Sediment thickness
• Type of fill
• Sequence
stratigraphic model
• Subsidence history
 Surface & subsurface
seeps
 Organic richness of
sediments
 Thermal history
 Identification of
maturation window
 Identification of reservoir facies
 Seal integrity
 Possible traps
 Migration paths

21. It is the science / art of making hole or bore in an
object.
Since we are concerned with
petroleum, so we can define drilling as a science of
making a hole in earth’s crust (called as an oil / gas
well) down to a desired depth in search of
petroleum (oil or gas).
DRILLING

22. DRILLING
To study the science of drilling we have to divide
it into two categories:
Drilling Engineering.
Drilling Technology

23. PRODUCTION, PROCESSING & TRANSPORTATION
Well Fluid
Processing
Tankage
Value Addition

24.  Well Completion.
 Well Testing.
 Well Stimulation.
 Artificial Lift Systems.
 Workover Operations.
Oil/Gas processing.
Pressure maintenance.
Production Activities

25. Operation & Maintenance of
Production facilities & pipelines.
 Production of Value Added
Products.
 Transportation of Oil/Gas.
Design/Construction of
Onshore/Offshore Production
Facilities.
Production Activities

26.  Effective Gas utilisation.
Short/Long term production
plans and implementation.
Implementation of EOR
schemes.
 Safety in Production
Operations.
Production Activities

27. ARTIFICAL LIFT

28. ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

29. ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

30. SEDIMENTARY BASIN
• “An unit of lithosphere which subsided as a function of time
and received sedimentary succession unique to it.”
 More than 600 basins- identified globally.
 Active hydrocarbon exploration - in about 400 basins
world wide.
 About 180 basins- under commercial production.
 The ultimate H/C resources of the world - about 620
billion tonnes.
 85% of reserves - confined to only in 30 basins.

31. INDIA
• India is having vast
land area covered
with sedimentary
rocks.
• Geologically they
are subdivided into
26 sedimentary
basins covering
about 3.14 million
sq. km.

32. Indian Sedimentary Basins
1958: Cambay Basin
1967: Rajasthan Basin
1889: Assam Shelf
1974: Mumbai Offshore
1980: KG Basin
1973: A&AA FB
1985: Cauvery Basin
Out of 26 Basins 7 are petroliferous