Agroforestry involves intentionally growing trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It provides environmental and economic benefits like improved soil and water quality, carbon sequestration, biodiversity and sustainable livelihoods. Agroforestry systems have objectives like enhanced nutrient cycling, managing tree-soil interactions, promoting on-farm diversity, and coping with climate change impacts. It aims to increase productivity and sustainability while being adoptable to local farming practices.

2. AGRO FORESTRY IS SURVIVAL
OF THE COMMUNITY AND A
STEP TOWARDS POVERTY
REDUCTION
BY
ALLAH DADF KLHAN

14. Objectives of Agro forestry
1. Enhanced nutrient cycling amongst trees, animals and
crops.
2. Managing tree-soil interactions by matching species to
sites and systems.
3. Acquisition, assessment and integration of local
knowledge with science to develop improved agroforestry
management principles, communication and negotiation.
4. Promotion of on-farm tree species diversity.
5. Coping mechanisms for climate-induced rainfall variability.
6. Adoption, promotion and impact of agroforestry and
natural resource management technologies.

15. Environmental perspective
1. Improvement to the development of natural resources:.
2. Better control of cultivated areas of land.
3. Creation of original landscapes that are attractive, open and
favour recreational activities.
4. Counteract the greenhouse effect: constitution of an effective
system for carbon sequestration, by combining the maintenance
of the stock of organic material in the soil
5. Protection of soil and water, in particular in sensitive areas.
6. Improvement of biodiversity, especially by the abundance of
"edge effects".
7. These favorable characteristics are as coherent with the many
objectives of the laws guiding agriculture and forestry, as they are
with the directing principles of the Common Agricultural Policy.

20. Concepts of Agro forestry
1. Productivity: Most, if not all, agroforestry systems aim to maintain or increase
production (of preferred commodities) as well as productivity (of the land).
Agroforestry can improve productivity in many different ways. These include:
increased output of tree products, improved yields of associated crops,
reduction of cropping system inputs, and increased labor efficiency.
2. Sustainability: By conserving the production potential of the resource base,
mainly through the beneficial effects of woody perennials on soils (see Section IV
of this book), agroforestry can achieve and indefinitely maintain conservation
and fertility goals.
3. Adoptability: The word "adopt" here means "accept," and it may be
distinguished from another commonly-used word adapt, which implies "modify"
or "change." The fact that agroforestry is a relatively new word for an old set of
practices means that, in some cases, agroforestry has already been accepted by
the farming community. However, the implication here is that improved or new
agroforestry technologies that are introduced into new areas should also
conform to local farming practices.

21. Benefits of Agroforestry
1. Control run off and erosion.
2. Maintain soil organic matter.
3. Maintain soil physical properties.
4. Lead to more closed Nutrient cycling.
5.Reduce soil toxicities.
6. Utilize solar energy efficiently.
7. Can reduce insect pests
8. Reclaim eroded and degraded land

22. Benefits of Agro forestry contd
9. Create a healthy environment.
10.Moderate microclimates.
11.Augment soil water availability
12. Increase nitrogen in soil through leguminous
plants.
13. Increase nutrient inputs.
14. Maintain soil fertility.
15. Stimulate whole rural economy.

23. Benefits of Agro forestry contd
16. protect livestock from wind chill in winter
and provide shade in the summer.
17. muffle noise from traffic and other machine
18.In the case of dairy cows protecting barns,
feeding pens and milking parlour with trees
can lead to increased milk production
19.Help relieve pressure on natural forest stocks.
20.Provide local income and resource for
subsistence.

24. Benefits of Agro forestry contd
21.Agroforestry produces, mushroom, essential
oil, drugs , shampoos , biopesticides ,

25. Disadvantages of domestication can include:
increased species susceptibility to pests and diseases
(particularly in monoculture plantations), often leading
to dependence on potentially harmful pesticides; loss
of some of the ecological functions played by the forest
when plantations replace natural forests; heavy
dependence on regular infusion of seed from wild
sources, for better yield and resistance to diseases and
pests; concentration of income-generating potential in
larger corporate entities, often far from the forest and
the communities, and causing further disadvantages
for poor households and minority grou

42. Components of agro forestry systems
• Trees
• Shrubs
• Crops
• Pastures
• Animals (insects, livestock, fish and other
aquatic organisms)
• Environmental factors (soil, land form, climate)

43. Agroforestry as a practical management land
management option
1. Type of land : the range of practices allow agroforestry to
be applied over a wide variety of environmental
conditions, e.g. wetlands, dry lands, rocky, slopy lands
2. Extent of land : most agroforestry practices are not land
intensive.
3. Supply of inputs : agroforestry does not require inputs
that are costly or in short supply. It is a relatively
inexpensive form of land development.
4. Technology ; the technology employed is generally known
and familiar to farmers. Agroforestry is therefore widely
applicable as a practical land management option.

44. Adverse effects of trees on soil
1. Loss of organic matter and nutrients in tree
harvest.
2. Nutrient competition between trees and
crops.
3. Moisture competition between trees and
crops.
4. Production of substances which inhibit
germination or growth (allelochemicals).
5. Acidification of soil by some tree species.