What are the income generating activities in agriculture By Allah Dad Khan

What are the income generating activities in
Agriculture
Presentation to PARD Training Course
Participants
By
Mr.Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert
Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province Peshawar
Phone cell 03329221298
Email : allahdad52@gmail.com
What are the income generating activities
in Agriculture
2

Present Agriculture Situation in
 Agriculture is the mainstay of the country's economy
 Contributing 24% towards GDP ( in 1947 per capita income $100 and Population
30 million in 2010 per capita income 1000 $ and Population 170 million)
 Back bone for the economy( Livelihood for 68.5 % rural population of country
 Providing employment to 47% 0f total work force )
 Base for foreign trade ( Earning 35% of the country total export earning )
 Ranks 7th in Wheat production in World 1st one is China .(2009)
 Ranks 11th in Rice production in World 1st one is China . (2009)
 Ranks 4th in Cotton production in World 1st one is China . ( 2009)
 Ranks 7th in Date Palm production in World 1st one is Iraq. (2009)
 Ranks 5th in Sugarcane production in World 1st one is Brazil (2009)
 Ranks 4th in Onion dry production in World 1st one is China . ( 2009)
 Ranks 7th in fresh vegetables production in World 1st one is China. (2009)
What are the income generating activities in Agriculture
3

Emerging Issues in Agriculture
 Flat yield and productivity of water
 Under performance of rural sector markets and extension services.
 Under investment in agriculture research and technology development.
 Unreliability of water services
 Improved rural infrastructure and education provision.
 Scaling up of diversification into new, higher value crops and use of new
land more efficient irrigation technology .
 Farm to market road
 High Cost of Agriculture Inputs
 Shortage of water and water reservoirs
 Special Calamity
4

5

Composition of Presentation
 Integrated Farm Management
 Good Agriculture Practices/Farmer Field
Schools
 Agriculture Crops fruits and vegetables.
 Livestock and dairy development Activities
 Poultry And Poultry Management
 Medicinal Plants
6

7

Integrated Farm Management
 Integrated Farm Management is a whole farm system providing
efficient and profitable production that is environmentally
responsible. IFM works by integrating beneficial natural processes
into modern farming techniques and ensures that high standards of
stewardship and environmental care are practiced.
8

The key principles of Integrated Farm
Management are:
 A commitment to good husbandry and animal welfare
 Efficient soil management and appropriate cultivation techniques
 The use of crop rotations
 Minimum reliance on crop protection chemicals and fertilisers
 Careful choice of seed varieties
 Maintenance of the landscape and rural communities
 Enhancement of wildlife habitats
 A commitment to team spirit based on communication, training and
involvement
9

IFM
TECHNOLOGIES FOR
INTEGRATED FARM
MANAGEMENT
10

Crop Rotation increases production
Crop rotation is important in controlling pests,
diseases and weeds. As many diseases survive in
plant debris a break of two to five years between
the same type of crop in a field allows time for
diseases to decline to insignificant levels
11

Crop competition for enhance production
 A healthy crop will withstand pests, diseases or weeds much better
than a poor one. The success of residual herbicides used before or
after crops appear relies on the crop achieving 100% cover early in
its life, to suppress any weeds that grow later. This is particularly
effective in potatoes, sugar beet and oilseed rape.
12

Cover Crops reduces pesticides use
 preventing soil erosion,
 suppressing weeds, and
 enhancing soil quality.
Using appropriate cover crops is worth the extra effort
because it reduces the need for chemical inputs like
herbicides, insecticides, and fertilizers.
13

Crop varietal resistance and tolerance activity to
get good income
Varieties of the same crop type have different patterns of resistance
or tolerance to pests or diseases. This can reduce or delay the
damage caused by pests and diseases, which in turn may
mean fewer sprays of pesticide or, in some cases, lower doses
14

Monitoring crops and diagnosing
problems are activities for higher income
It is important to monitor your crops by regularly walking through them,
and to make sure you identify problems quickly and correctly. You will
then be better able to forecast whether a pest or disease will
reach levels at which it will be necessary to protect the crop.
15

Forecasting for pests and diseases are to be seen
Weather forecasting is one obvious way of
predicting whether a particular pest or disease
(for example, potato blight, Septoria in wheat
and apple scab) is going to be a problem.
16

Soil Enrichment ( Use of Organic Matter)

Soil is arguably the single most prized element of agricultural ecosystems.
Healthy soil teems with life, including many beneficial microbes and insects,
but these are often killed off by the overuse of pesticides. Good soils can
improve yields and produce robust crops less vulnerable to pests; abused
soils often require heavy fertilizer application to produce high yields. Soil
quality can be maintained and enhanced in many ways, including leaving
crop residues in the field after harvest, plowing under cover crops, or
adding composted plant material or animal manur
17

Natural Pest Predators ( Biological Control) / IPM
 Understanding a farm as an ecosystem rather than a factory offers
exciting opportunities for effective pest control. For example, many
birds, insects, and spiders are natural predators of agricultural
pests. Managing farms so that they harbor populations of pest
predators is a sophisticated and effective pest-control technique.
One of the unfortunate consequences of intensive use of chemical
pesticides is the indiscriminate killing of birds, bats, and other pest
predators.

18

Bio intensive Integrated Pest Management
 One of the most promising technologies is the control of pests through integrated
pest management (IPM). This approach relies to the greatest possible extent on
biological rather than chemical measures, and emphasizes the prevention of pest
problems with crop rotation; the reintroduction of natural, disease-fighting microbes
into plants/soil, and release of beneficial organisms that prey on the pests. Once a
particular pest problem is identified, responses include the use of sterile males,
biocontrol agents like ladybugs. Chemical pesticides are only used as a last resort.
19

No Till Farming ( Zero Tillage)
 The immense importance placed on no-tillage has led to natural
farming also being referred to as No-till farming.
 Hence, while there is lots to think about and do in natural farming,
actual physical work and labour has actually been seen to reduce
by upto 80% compared to other agricultural systems.
20

Effective Microorganisms (EM)
 originated in Japan in the 1980s. Its originator or developer was
Prof Teruo Higa. As the name suggests, it makes use of
microorganisms, mainly lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria,
yeast, filamentous fungi and ray fungi. These microorganisms are
both aerobic and anaerobic and are not genetically-modified.
21

Mulching, green manuring
 Mulching is the use of organic materials to cover the soil, especially around plants to
keep down evaporation and water loss, besides adding valuable nutrients to the soil
as they decompose
 Green manuring Green manuring is beneficial in two ways - firstly it fixes nitrogen,
and secondly the addition of biomass (around five to ten tons/acre) greatly helps in
improving the soil texture and water holding capacity.
22

Hybrid Seed ( Genetic Engineering)
 Hybrid seeds are the result of cross-pollination (or genetic engineering,
carried out for specific purposes, usually higher production, resistance to
specific plant diseases or for a specific attribute such as shape or colour. .
23

Multicropping and Intercropping
 Multi-cropping is the simultaneous cultivation of two or more
crops. In Indian agricultural tradition, farmers have been known to
sow as many as 4 types of crops at one time. An example of multi-
cropping is Tomatoes + Gourd + Canola
 Inter-cropping is the cultivation of another crop in the spaces
available between the main crop. A good example is the multi-tier is
Sugarcane in Wheat crop.
24

Innovative Bacteria ( Nitrogen Fixing
Bacteria)
 1) Rhizobia Rhizobia can fix 40-120 kgs. of nitrogen per acre annually
depending upon the crop, rhizobium species and environmental conditions.
 2) Azotobacter They are free-living nitrogen fixers and can be used for all
types of upland crops but cannot survive in wetland conditions.
 3) Azospirillum Like azotobacter, azospirillum species also do not form
root nodules or associate with leguminous crops. They are however not
free-living and live inside plant roots where they fix nitrogen, and can be
used in wetland conditions.
 4) Blue-green algae Blue-green algae are so named for their colour but
they may also be purple, brown or red. They are easily prepared on the farm
but can be used only for rice cultivation when the field is flooded and do not
survive in acidic soils.
25

Innovative Bacteria contd
 5) Azolla . Azolla is a free-floating water fern that fixes nitrogen in association with a
specific species of cyanobacteria. Azolla is a renewable biofertiliser and can be
mass-produced on the farm like blue-green algae.
 6) Phosphate-solubilising microorganisms These are a group of bacteria and
fungi capable of breaking down insoluble phosphates to make them available to
crops. They require sufficient organic matter in the soil to be of any great benefit.
 7) Mycorrhiza. Of these, the most important in agriculture is vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhiza or VAM. Plants with VAM colonies are capable of higher uptakes of soil
and nutrients and water. VAM strands acts as root extensions and bring up water and
nutrients from lateral and vertical distances where the plant root system does not
reach.
26

Permaculture
 Permaculture is a system of combining perennials, trees, shrubs,
and vines to create a "permanent agriculture." Using an intensive
design process, the natural elements of an ecosystem are replaced
by food-producing relatives, creating an edible landscape.
27

Permanent Raised Bed
28

Water Management
Could include:
 assessment of alternative sources and opportunities for
water conservation
 improving water application methods for irrigation
 collecting water from roofs and gutters
 ensuring that dirty water is segregated from clean
water. This will reduce wastage by saving high quality
water.
 testing for nitrates in surface water and groundwater to
help assess of risk of pollution
29

Soil and Water Conservation
 Contour bunding / trenching : By making bunds and trenches along a
contour line (the soil dug out to make a trench is used to construct a bund
on the lower side), either continuously or in an overlapping manner, the flow
of rainwater is slowed, thus reducing runoff and soil erosion and allowing
recharge of groundwater
 Ploughing along the contour : This has obvious benefits because the
downward flow of both water and soil is arrested.
30

Technology can help improve irrigation water use
efficiency ( New Methods of Irrigation)
Interpreting satellite imagery for irrigation management is a
technology that, with increased research, could add real economic
value for agricultural producers in irrigated areas. Monitoring
evaporation, crop water demand, and water stress in real time
would be a major leap forward.
31

Rain Water Harvesting
 Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing
rainwater from rooftops, the land surface or rock catchments using simple
techniques such as jars and pots as well as more complex techniques such
as underground check dams.
32

Innovative Methods of irrigation
 1. Drip Irrigation
 2.Sprinkler Irrigation
33

Communication and training
 increasing communication with staff including sharing information
on farm performance
 training staff in the benefits and techniques of environmental
management
 training in the safe application, handling and storage of pesticides,
soil management and first aid.
 increasing access to the farm for walkers and riders without
reducing profitability and
 causing environmental problems.
 Creating opportunities to improve the public's understanding and
confidence in farming eg considering farm open days.
34

Landscape and wildlife features
 Existing habitats and landscape features take priority when planning the
environmental management
 programme for the farm but they may be enhanced by
 creating a whole farm conservation plan
 encouraging biodiversity in field margins and headlands
 avoiding misapplication and drift of agrochemical and fertilizer onto uncultivated
land.
 planning operations like rolling, spraying and cutting to avoid destroying nests and
young and adult birds as much as possible.
35

Livestock Management
 operating a closed livestock system to reduce the risk of introducing
diseases taking measures to avoid undue poaching which could lead to
soil erosion
 operating a clean grazing systems (alternate annual grazing of cattle and
sheep to reduce parasite levels)
 where possible, ensuring nesting birds and wildlife are protected from
forage cutting checking that hedges are stock-proof and provide shelter for
both stock and crops trying to ensure that no injury to an animal will be
caused during transport in a vehicle.
 management of livestock and poultry
36

Energy Efficiency
 monitoring fuel energy consumption to identify
areas of the high usage and trends over time
 reducing vehicle movements
 purchasing a cultivator drill to reduce overall
number of passes in establishing cereal
crops.
 Utilizing Solar Energy
 Biogas Plant
37

Germ Plasm Units and Registration Of Fruit
Nursery
38

39

Twentieth Century Challenges
World agriculture in the twenty-first century is faced
with three main challenges:
1) to improve food security, rural livelihoods and
income;
2) to satisfy the increasing and diversified
demands for safe food and other products; and,
3) to conserve and protect natural resources.

Concept OF Good Agriculture Practices
three pillars of sustainability are
1: Good Agricultural Practices should be
economically viable,
2 .Environmentally sustainable,
3. Socially acceptable; inclusive of food safety and
quality dimensions, with a focus on primary
production

Basic Aims of Farmer Field School
1. Skill
Development
2. Empowerment
3. Will power
4. Capacity of
Decision Making
45

Farmer Field School Approach
Farmer Field School is a school without walls.
Farmers and extension workers are students. The
Farmers Field is the class room and the plant is the
teacher. As the plant grows the students gain
knowledge in the light of their observations. The get
together at a fixed time every week once and make
their own decisions based on observations and data
analysis for the health of the plants.What are the income generating activities in Agriculture
46

Basic Principles of Farmer Field School
1. Grow a healthy crop
2. Conserve natural enemies
3. Conduct regular field
observations
4. Farmers understand
ecology and become
experts in their own fields
47

TOF
25
Facilitators
10 FFS
3 days TOF per week
2 days FFS per
week
Innovations
•Partial residence
•Single district
participants
Pakistan
Model
What are the income generating activities in Agriculture48

FarmerField
Schools Give a man a fish
…...and feed him for a
day
Teach him how to fish
…..and feed him for
life
What are the income generating activities in Agriculture49

What are the income generating activities in agriculture By Allah Dad Khan

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