David Auston

1. Energy Efficiency:
Challenges and Opportunities
David Auston
Executive Director,
Institute for Energy Efficiency
University of California
Santa Barbara
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2. The Energy Crisis – An Overview
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3. Energy Efficiency– 5 Dimensions
 Economic: Our current use of energy is highly inefficient --- less
than half does useful work!
 Environment: Greenhouse gases from fossil fuels are changing
the earth’s climate.
 Resources: In a few hundreds years we are depleting natural
resources that took millions of years to form.
 Security: Our dependence on imported oil and gas from politically
unstable regions poses major security risks.
 Health: Burning fossil fuels is a major source of respiratory
illness.
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4. Evolution of Energy Consumption
Technological Era
Industrial Era
Food
Advanced Agriculture Home and Commerce
Industry and
Primitive Agriculture Agriculture
Hunting
Source: “The Flow of Energy in
an Industrial Society”, Earl
Cook, Scientific American 1971
Primitive
0 50 100 150 200 250
x1000 kCal per Day
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5. 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
1635
1655
1675
1695
1715
1735
1755
1775
1795
1815
1835
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
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1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
U.S. Historical Energy Consumption
1995
1997
1999
2001
Coal
Wood
Nuclear
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Hydroelectric

6. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
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7. Global Temperature & CO2
Source: World Bank: “Development and Climate Change Report”, 2010
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8. Per Capita Emissions vs Population
Source: World Bank: “Development and Climate Change Report”, 2010
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9. CO2 Emissions Per Capita by State
• Electricity • Industrial • Transport • Commercial • Residential
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10. Location, Type, and Size of U.S. Power Plants
Source: Benchmarking Air Emissions,
M. J. Bradley & Assoc. 2010
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11. Global Oil Reserves, 2004
Source: World Resources Institute
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12. World Coal Reserves
% Share of World Coal Reserves
Bulgaria
Pakistan
Turkey
Indonesia
Canada
Germany
Brazil
Poland
South Africa
Australia
India
China
Russia
United States
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
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13. Pollutants from Fossil Fuels
Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal
Carbon Dioxide 117,000 164,000 208,000
Carbon Monoxide 40 33 208
Nitrogen Oxides 92 448 457
Sulfur Dioxide 1 1,122 2,591
Particulates 7 84 2,744
Mercury 0.000 0.007 0.016
Source: DOE Energy Information Administration
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14. U. S. Energy Consumption 2007 (quads)
Source: Over View & Summary, America’s Energy Future, NAS 2010 (Based on LLNL Data)

15. Global Access to Energy
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16. Global Access to Energy
 1.4 billion people have no access to electricity,
and they are most in rural areas.
 3 billion people continue to rely on solid fuels
(traditional biomass and coal) for cooking and
heating – at very high cost to productivity and
health.
Source: “ENERGY POVERTY: How to make modern
energy access universal?”, International Energy Agency 2010
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17. Center for Energy Efficient Materials
An Energy Frontier Research Center of the 17
Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Sciences

18. Number and share of population relying on
biomass for cooking, 2009
Source: “ENERGY POVERTY: How to make modern energy access
universal?”, International Energy Agency 2010
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19. Premature annual deaths from
household air pollution and other diseases
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20. Solar Powered Energy Efficiency
Institute for Reading Light
Solar Powered Reading Light
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21. Distributed through Churches 18)Ghana
Ghana Rollout (July in
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22. Communicating Energy Efficiency to the Public
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23. Public Priorities – U.S. 2010
Source: Pew Foundation
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24. Should Economy or the Environment have Priority?
Source: Gallup 2010
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25. Public Support for Mitigation (U.S)
Leading Global
Source: Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change; NAS 2010 Energy Solutions

26. Investment by Country & Sector 2009 ($B)
Source: “Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Solutions Foundation 2010.
Leading Global Energy Race”, Pew

27. U.S. Industrial R&D Spending as % Sales
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28. U.S. Federal Budget 2010 ($Billions)

29. Federal Subsidies (2002-2008)
Source:
Environmental
Law Institute
2010
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30. Low Cost Efficient Renewable Energy
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31. Cost of Electricity, U.S. (2007)
Source: Overview & Summary,
America’s Energy Future, NAS 2010
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32. DOE $1 per Watt PV Goals
Photovoltaic at $1/watt (installed):
By 2017, demonstration of all key components
and installation methods in systems at least 5MW in size and initial
production orders made
Target could be met with systems installed on the ground or on
buildings
Earth-abundant materials and recyclable components
Meets all applicable safety and environmental standards
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33. Worldwide Solar Pv is Growing Rapidly
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34. PV Module Costs Falling, but Slowly
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35. Multi-junction Solar Cells
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36. Alan Heeger – Nobel Laureate 2000
Jan 4 2010 36
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37. Concepts and Opportunities
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40. Konarka Plastic Ribbon Solar Cell
Jan 4 2010 40
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41. Solar Bikini
Jan 4 2010 41
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42. Window/Solar Cells
Jan 4 2010 42
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43. "Treat the earth well: it was not given to you by your parents,
it was loaned to you by your children. We do not inherit the
Earth from our Ancestors, we borrow it from our Children.”
Native American Proverb
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44. Science and Technology for a Sustainable Energy Future
UC Santa Barbara
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