Curriculum Development
- Purita P. Bilbao, Ed.D.
- Paz I. Lucido, Ph.D.
- Tomasa C. Iringan, Ph.D.
- Rodrigo B. Javier, Ph.D.
Module I Lesson 3
Nature, Concepts and Purposes of Curriculum
2. Take Off
One of the most often repeated definitions of a
curriculum is that curriculum is the total
learning experience.
This lesson will focus on the teaching learning
processes as salient components of the
curriculum.
3. Teaching as a process in curriculum
Good teaching is difficult to agree upon.
Because of the changing paradigms of teaching, several
definitions have evolved based on the theories of
teaching and learning that have come about.
Some view teaching as an organization of meaningful
learning.
Teaching process: PLANNING, IMPLEMENTING,
and EVALUATING.
6. In planning phases:
Need of the learners
Achievable goals and objectives to meet the needs.
The selection of the content to be taught.
The motivation to carry out the goals
Strategies most fit to carry out the goals and
The evaluation process to measure learning
outcomes.
7. Evaluation Phase
A match of the objectives with the learning
outcomes will be made.
The evaluation phase will answer the
question if the plans and implementation
have been successfully achieved.
8. In all three phases of teaching, a continuous
process of feedback and reflection is made.
Feedback - reflection on the feedback
Reflection - is a process embedded in teaching
where the teacher inquires into his o her
actions and provides deep and critical
thinking.
9. Assumptions
That teaching is goal oriented with the change of
behaviour as the ultimate end.
That teachers are the ones who shape actively their own
actions.
That teaching is a rational and a reflective process.
That teachers by their actions can influence learners to
change their own thinking.
10. Process of good teaching
Well planed and where activities are inter-related to each
other.
Is one that provides learning experiences.
Is based on the theories of learning.
Is one where the learner is stimulated to think and reason.
Utilizes prior learning and its application to new situations.
Is governed by democratic principles.
Embeds a sound evaluation process.
11. Learning as a process in Curriculum
"To teach is to make someone to learn"
Learning is usually defined as a change in an
individual's behaviour caused by the experiences or self
- activity.
Behavioural learning theories
Cognitive learning theories.
Discovery learning of Jerome Bruner states that the
individual learns from his own discovery of the
environment.
12.
13. Events of learning by Robert Gagne
Motivation phase
Apprehending phase
Acquisition phase
Retention phase
Recall phase
Generalization phase
Feedback phase
14. Describing learning
Does not take place in an empty vessel.
Is a social process.
Is a result of individual experiences and self-activity.
Is both observable and measurable.
Takes place when all the senses are utilized.
Will be enhanced when the learner is stimulated.
Each learner has his own learning styles.
15. Teaching and Learning Go Together
Teaching as a process cannot be taken
independently into its entirely.
The hand concepts of learning have become so
vast that the simple stimulus-response theory
alone cannot explain it.
Teaching is the cause and effect of learning.
16. Some ways of doing teaching and learning
The different methods of teaching can be clustered according to
the number of students being taught.
Inductive method
Deductive method
Type study method
Project method
Laboratory method
Question and answer method
Lecture method
17. Ways of learning
• Learning by trial and error.
• Learning by conditioning
• Learning by insight
• Learning by observation and imitation through
modelling.
18. Teaching and learning in the curriculum
One of the crucial issues raised today in education is
not what the students should learn but rather how the
student should learn how to learn.
Teaching and learning give life and meaning to the
curriculum.
Each complement and supplement each other.
The value placed in teaching will reap the same value of
learning, thus a good curriculum can be judged by the
kind of teaching and the quality of learning derived
from it.