The term ‘teaching aid’ is composed of two words— teaching and aid. Teaching is the act of facilitating learning and aid means help or assistance. An old proverb also explains the same view: I hear and forget. I see and remember I do and I understand.

1. CLASS TOPIC PRESENTATION
DIFFERENT TYPES AND PRINCIPLE OF
TEACHING AIDS
Dr. AMARNATH PRASAD MPO-2019-2021
NILD KOLKATA,WESTBENGAL ,INDIA
Email-prasadamarnath95@gmail.com
Contact-6289065882

2. DIFFERENT TYPES AND PRINCIPLE OF TEACHING
AIDS

3. INTRODUCTION
• While teaching, the teacher requires the help of different
teaching aids.
• The process of teaching and learning, largely, depends upon
the equipments used for teaching.
• For many years, teachers have been taking help of different
things to make their teaching more effective.
• In most recent times, Science and technology has augmented
the process of teaching by making available an array of
teaching aids, which hold a significant place in the field of
education.

5. MEANING OF TEACHING AIDS
• Every teacher wants his/her teaching-learning process to be effective.
• It is expected that whatever a teacher teaches should be listened to
carefully, understood clearly, learnt and retained properly for a longer
period by the learners.
• We must have realized the difference between the classroom teaching of
past time and that of the present It is because, today’s age is one of
science and technology, and like many other fields, the field of education
is also affected by it.
• One of the outstanding developments in the field of educational
technology in recent years is the increasing use of teaching aids.
• Now, teaching aids have become an integral component in the teaching
learning process.
• They make teaching lively as they influence our sense organs.

6. • The term ‘teaching aid’ is composed of two words—
teaching and aid.
• Teaching is the act of facilitating learning and aid means
help or assistance.
• Teaching is the process of facilitating the development of
knowledge, skills and attitude in the learners towards
achievement of particular objectives, which are pre-
determined.
• It is a relationship among three important aspects of
education– teacher, student and subject matter.

7. • A teaching aid is a tool used by the teacher to help in
better facilitating the teaching-learning process
• It is one of the means by which you can bring life into the
theoretical and practical texts.
• It is a means to involve the learners physically, mentally,
emotionally, and environmentally.
• A teaching aid can involve the learners physically through
the use of his senses and acting, mentally through his use
of mind and thinking, emotionally through his excitement,
and environmentally by making him aware of his
environment.

8. • In teaching process it is important to generate student’s interest.
• If interest is build properly, the learning process can take place
effectively.
• For this purpose use of teaching material is important as they have the
potentials to arouse interest in teaching-learning process.
• Richard (1981), in his study found that a normal human being remembers
10% of what they read, 50% of what they saw and heard, above 70% of
what they heard, seen and done.
• An old proverb also explains the same view:
• I hear and forget.
• I see and remember
• I do and I understand.
One picture worth ten thousand words

9. CONE OF EXPERIENCE AS MODIFIED BY SHEAL (1989)

10. NEED OF TEACHING AIDS
1. Every individual has the tendency to forget. Proper use of
teaching aids helps to retain more concept permanently.
2. Students can learn better when they are motivated properly
through different teaching aids.
3. Teaching aids develop the proper image when the students see,
hear, taste and smell properly.
4. Teaching aids provide complete example for conceptual thinking.
5. The teaching aids create the environment of interest for the
students.
6. Teaching aids helps to increase the vocabulary of the students.
7. Teaching aids helps the teacher to get sometime and make
learning permanent.
8. Teaching aids provide direct experience to the students.

11. TYPES OF TEACHING AIDS
• There is a range of teaching aids used in the classroom.
These aids can be categorized differently.
• Teaching aids can be divided into:-
1.On the basis of the sense organs addressed
2.On the basis of how the aid is used
3.On the basis of motion or movement
4.On the basis of dimensions of object
5.On the basis of size of media
6.On the basis of source of energy
7.On the basis of hard ware and soft ware

12. Categorization of Teaching Aids on the basis of Sense
Organs addressed
VISUAL AIDS AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
AUDIO AIDS

13. VISUAL AIDS
• The aids which use sense of vision are called Visual aids.
• For example :-models, pictures, charts, posters, books,
maps, flash cards, flannel board, chalkboard, overhead
projector, magnetic board, slides , photo graphs , silent
films etc.
• Out of these black board and chalk are the commonest
ones.

14. PHOTOGRAPHS
NOTICE BOARD MAGNETIC BOARD
MODELS
CHALK BOARD
GRAPHS
PUPPETS
GLOBE
CARTOONS SPECIMENS
NEWS PAPER
CHARTS

15. AUDIO AIDS
• The aids that involve the sense of hearing are called Audio
aids
• For example, radio, head phone , mike ,tape recorder,
speaker, are such type of aids.

16. HEADPHONE TAPE RECORDER MIKE
SPEAKER RADIO MOBILE PHONE

17. AUDIO - VISUAL AIDS
• The aids which involve the sense of vision as well as hearing
are called Audio- Visual aids.
• For example :- television, demonstration, lectures, mobile
phones, films, computer etc .

18. DEMONSTRATION LECTURE TELEVISION
COMPUTER MOBILE PHONE FILMS

19. • CATEGORIZATION OF TEACHING AIDS ON THE BASIS OF USAGE OF
TEACHING AIDS
PROJECTED AIDS ACTIVITY AIDS
NON-PROJECTED AIDS

20. • PROJECTED AIDS: The aids project pictures upon a screen by
using a certain type of machine. Examples are projectors,
slides, filmstrips, LCD panels, etc.
• NON-PROJECTED AIDS: The visual and audio-visual aids, which
are shown directly to the learners, are known as non-
projected aids.
• Such aids include charts, diagrams, posters, flash cards, maps,
cartoons, models, puppets, etc.
• ACTIVITY AIDS: The use of activity aids involve the learners in
some kind of activity. For example, exhibition, field trip or
excursion, teaching machine, programmed learning, etc.

21. PROJECTED AIDS
FILM STRIPS
DVD
SLIDES
PROJECTOR

22. PHOTOGRAPHS
NOTICE BOARD MAGNETIC BOARD
MODELS
CHALK BOARD
GRAPHS
PUPPETS
GLOBE
CARTOONS SPECIMENS
NEWS PAPER
CHARTS
NON PROJECTED AIDS

23. ACTIVITY AIDS
DEMONSTRATION
EXPERIMENT FIELD TRIPS

24. CATEGORIZATION OF TEACHING AIDS ON THE BASIS OF
MOTION OR MOVEMENT
STATIC AIDS DYNAMIC AIDS

25. • Static aids- are those used in class room teaching which
do not move Ex: charts, flash cards, Slides, etc.
• Dynamic aids-those aids in which visuals or parts which
are capable of being made to move by mechanical
principles
• Ex: working models, Motion pictures , television ,computer etc.

26. CATEGORIZATION OF TEACHING AIDS ON THE BASIS OF
DIMENSION
TWO DIMENSIONAL THREE DIMENSIONAL

27. • TWO DIMENSIONAL TEACHING AID- In these aids only 2
dimensions I.e. width and height are only visible.
• Example – graphs , charts, maps, board of different types
etc.
• THREE DIMENSIONAL TEACHING AID- In these aids all
the 3 dimensions of length, breadth and height are visible
• Example-models, globes ,specimens, puppets etc.

28. CATEGORIZATION OF TEACHING AIDS ON THE BASIS OF
MEDIA
MASS MEDIA INTERNET
MEDIA

29. MASS MEDIA
• Mass media refers to media technologies that reach a mass
audience.
• It is the way of communication to reach the vast majority of the
general public.
• They relay information regarding social issues, political issues,
entertainment, and other current issues to the general public.
• Mass media typically involve platforms like radio, television,
newspapers, and magazines.
• TYPES
• PRINT MEDIA - Print media includes newspapers and magazines,
journals(sage,elsevier) ,books etc
• BROADCAST MEDIA- also known as electronic media includes
radio, television, films, radio, movies, CDs, DVDs etc

30. INTERNAT MEDIA
• Nowadays, we are relying on the Internet to get
the news a lot more often than traditional news
sources.
• TYPES
I. Search engines- pubmed, google scholar
II. Social media
III. websites
a. International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotic
(https://www.ispoint.org)
b. AOPA – AMERICAN ORTHOTIC & PROSTHETIC
ASSOCIATION (https://www.aopanet.org)
c. O&P Virtual Library | Orthotics & Prosthetics
Journals, Books (http://www.oandplibrary.org)
iii.Internet-based radio, television, computer,
mobiles phones etc

31. SOCIAL MEDIA
• Social media refer to computer-based technology
that enables users to create and share content or
to participate in social networking.
• These platforms give us the opportunity to share
our thoughts, opinions, photos, and videos in real-
time.
• TYPES
• SOCIAL PLATFORMS- like Facebook, Twitter etc
• MEDIA SHARING NETWORKS- Snapchat,
Instagram, YouTube etc.
• DISCUSSION FORUMS- Quora , Reddit
• BOOKMARKING AND CONTENT CURATION
NETWORKS - Flipboard and Pinterest
• BLOGGING AND PUBLISHING NETWORKS -
Tumblr and WordPress.

32. CATEGORIZATION OF TEACHING AIDS ON THE BASIS OF
SOURCE OF ENERGY
ELECTRIC
EX-PROJECTOR,COMPUTER,
TELEVISION ETC
NON ELECTRIC
EX-BOOKS, MODELS
CHARTS CHALK BOARD
ETC

33. CATEGORIZATION OF TEACHING AIDS ON THE
BASIS OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
HARDWARE APPROACH
EX-Computer, radio, television,
projector etc
SOFTWARE APPROACH
Ex- Microsoft power point,
ms excel ,ms word, Google
Docs, Sheets and Slides etc

34. TEACHER AS A TEACHING AID
• We cannot ignore the importance of teacher in the classroom.
• A teacher can be an effective teaching aid.
• It is one of the wonderful teaching tool which is very convenient in every
respect.
• In a classroom, a teacher can involve students in the process of learning
by doing some simple things like use of proper body language, eye
contact with students, good facial expression, giving students time to talk,
calling them by funny names etc.
• All these activities create friendly learning atmosphere in the class and
bridges the gap between teacher and students.
• A teacher can be model, narrator, singer, presenter, dancer, friend and
role player.
• By playing these roles in the classroom a teacher can encourage the
students to participate actively in the class.
• It will also keep them alert and learn efficiently.

35. PRINCIPLES OF USING TEACHING AIDS
1. PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION:
• The teaching aids make the teaching effective only when they
are selected on the basis of the objectives, content, grade
level, educational value and the relevance.
• The following points may be kept in view in this regard.
(i) They should suit the age-level, grade-level and other
characteristics of the learners.
(ii)They should have specific educational value besides being
interesting and motivating.
(iii) They should be true representatives of real things.
(iv) They should help in the realization of desired learning
objectives.

36. 2. PRINCIPLE OF PREPARATION:.
• The teachers should prepare the aid by themselves and
whenever possible, should associate the learners in the
preparation process.
• The following points should be kept in mind in this
connection:-
I. locally available material should be used and the cost of
preparing should be kept low.
II. The teachers should receive some training in the
preparation of aids.

37. `
3. PRINCIPLE OF PHYSICAL CONTROL: There has to be a
proper arrangement of keeping aids safely and also to
facilitate their access to and used by teachers.
4. PRINCIPLE OF PROPER PRESENTATION: Proper
presentation of Teaching Aids is very necessary.
• Teachers should carefully visualize the use of teaching aids
before their actual presentation.
• They should fully acquaint themselves with the use an
manipulation of the Aids to be shown in the classroom.
• The Aid should be displayed properly so that all the
students are able to see it, observe it and derive maximum
benefit out of it.

38. 5. Principle of Response: Teaching Aids will be more
effective if teachers guide the students to respond
actively to the audio and visual stimuli so that they derive
the maximum benefit in learning.
6. Principle of Evaluation: There should be continues
evaluation of both the audio-visual material for the
realization of the desired objectives.

39. 6. Principle of Use: Before actually using or presenting the
teaching aid, the teacher should carefully plan and
visualize its use.
• They should prepare themselves beforehand for the use
and manipulation of the aids.
• Proper timing should be maintained— like when to
present the aid during the class, what will be the duration
of using the aid during the class, etc.

40. IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING AIDS
• Teaching aids play an very important role in Teaching-
Learning process. Importance of Teaching aids are as
follows :-
1. Motivation- Teaching aids motivate the students so that
they can learn better .
2.Clarification- Through teaching aids , the teacher clarify
the subject matter more easily.
3.Increase the Vocabulary- Teaching aids helps to increase
the vocabulary of the students more effectively .

41. • Saves Time and Money
• Classroom Live and active- Teaching aids make the
classroom live and active .
• Avoids Dullness
• Direct Experience- Teaching aids provide direct experience
to the students

42. PROBLEMS IN USING TEACHING AIDS
• Though teaching aids serve as assistance in the teaching learning
process, you may face various problems while using them.
• The following are some of the problems, which a teacher might
face:
1. Lose Focus: Teaching aids are used only to aid the teaching
learning process.
• But you may lose focus of the main purpose of using the
teaching aids.
• The students may be more interested in the aid rather than in the
topic.
• Therefore, while using the teaching aids, the teachers should see
that the aid is properly used without distracting the learners from
the topic.

43. 2. Ineffectiveness of the Aids: If you do not plan properly the
use of teaching aids, or do not prepare properly beforehand,
the aid will be a futile. It may rather create confusion among
the learners.
3. Improper Selection: While using the teaching aids, it is very
important that the aid is appropriately selected according to
the topic to be taught, the grade of the students, their
background, and other facilities available.
• Improper selection of teaching aids may result in the
confusion among the learners.
• Instead of helping them, it will create complications in
understanding the content.
• It may also lead to distraction of the learners.

44. 4. Infrastructural Problems: Another problem for using
teaching aids is the lack of adequate infrastructure. For
e.g., to use a LCD projector.
• you need continuous power supply, but if it is not
available, you cannot use it effectively.
5. Financial Problems: Using teaching aids require some
financial assistance.
• Though you are encouraged to use low cost teaching aids,
it is not always possible to keep the cost low.
• Therefore, sometimes, the lack of finance to prepare or
procure teaching aids creates problems.

45. • Lack of Training: Appropriate use of teaching aids require
training on the part of the teacher.
• Though the teacher training programmes provide
theoretical knowledge of the teaching aids, adequate
practical training in use of various teaching aids is not
provided.
• This lack of training influences the effectiveness of using
teaching aids in the classroom.

46. REFERENCES
• 1) Aggarwal, J. C. (1997). Essentials of Educational
Technology:Teaching Learning. New Delhi: Vikash
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
• 2) Aggarwal, J. C. (2002). Principles, Methods and
Techniques of Teaching. New Delhi: Vikash Publishers.
• 3) Kochhar, S. K. (1992). Methods and Techniques of
Teaching. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers

47. THANK YOU