the ppt is related to the theories of leadership

2. PRESENTED BY:
AMENAH GONDAL
SAMEEN FATIMA
AMNA JAVED
RAFIA FATIMA
MISBAH SEHER
PRESENTED TO:
MA’AM FARZANA
CLASS:
BS.ED(IV)

3. We will discuss:
 Leadership, Leader and Leading
 Characteristics and Power of Leadership
 Trait Theory of Leadership
 Theories of Trait Theory
 Advantages, Drawbacks, Limitations and
Implications of Trait Theory

5. According to Lao Tsu,
“The wicked leader is one whom the people
despise. The good leader is one whom the people
revere. The great leader is one whom the people
say, WE DID IT OURSELVES”

6. According to Keith Davis,
“Leadership is the ability to persuade others to
seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is the
human factor which binds a group together and
motivates it towards goals.”

7. Leading is an important process in all
organization, non-profit organization, government
agencies, and schools as well as for profit
corporations.

8.  It is an inter-personal process in which a manager is into
influencing and guiding workers towards attainment of
goals.
 It denotes a few qualities to be present in a person who
includes intelligence, maturity and personality.
 It is a group process. It involves two or more people
interacting with each other.
 A leader is involved in shaping and molding the behavior
of the group towards accomplishment of organizational
goals.

9. Leader can influence by using POWER (i.e. the capacity
to affect the behavior of others) of one or several types:
POWER OF
LEADERSHIP
EXPER
T
POWER
INFORMATION
POWER
REWARD
POWER COERCIVE
POWERREFERRENT
POWER
LEGITIMATE
POWER

11. There are three theories of leadership:
I. Trait Theory
II. Behavioral Theory
III. Contingency Theory

13. The trait model of leadership is based on the
characteristics of many leaders - both successful
and unsuccessful - and is used to predict
leadership effectiveness
Scholars taking the trait approach attempted to
identify:
 Physiological (appearance, height, and weight)
 Demographic (age, education and socioeconomic
background)
 Personality (self-confidence, and aggressiveness)
 Intellective (intelligence, decisiveness, judgment,
and knowledge)

14. The trait leadership focuses on the leader and the
traits he exhibits.
For example, traits that make an effective leader
include intelligence, self-confidence, integrity and
determination.

15. Trait Theory of Leadership is often tied to the
Great Man Theory of Leadership, which was first
proposed by Thomas Carlyle. Carlyle believed
that
“History is shaped by extraordinary leaders, and
that the ability to lead was something you
inherited at birth and not something that could be
developed”

16.  Gordon Allport's discovered the Trait Theory of
Leadership.
 He was among the firsts to come up with a personality
trait theory.
 He came about with an astounding discovery in 1936.
 Which showed that more than 4000 words in an English
language dictionary described personality traits.

17.  It is naturally pleasing theory.
 It is valid as lot of research has validated the
foundation and basis of the theory.
 It serves as a yardstick against which the
leadership traits of an individual can be
assessed.
 It gives a detailed knowledge and understanding
of the leader element in the leadership process.

18.  One major problem with the trait approach to
leadership is that no definitive list of leadership
traits exists.
 Due to the large body of research, countless traits
are present, making it difficult to determine
which traits make the most effective leader.
 The trait approach does not take the situation
into consideration.

19.  There is bound to be some subjective judgment
in determining who is regarded as a ‘good’ or
‘successful’ leader.
 Traits may not have direct correlation with
performance.
 The list of possible traits tends to be very long.
More than 100 different traits of successful
leaders in various leadership positions have been
identified.

20.  The trait theory gives constructive information
about leadership.
 It can be applied by people at all levels in all
types of organizations.
 Manager can get an in-depth understanding of
their identity and the way they will affect others
in the organization.

22. There are two theories of trait theory gave
by:
Gordon Allport
Raymond Cattell

23.  Allport is known as a “Trait” psychologist
 He did not believe that people can be classified
according to a small number of trait dimensions.
 Maintaining that each person is unique and
distinguished by peculiar traits.

24. Allport’s three trait levels are:
 Cardinal Trait: This is the trait that dominates and
shapes a person’s behavior. These are the ruling
passions/obsessions, such as a need for money,
fame etc.
 Central Trait: This is a general characteristics found
in some degree in every person. An example of
central trait would be honesty.
 Secondary Trait: These are characteristics seen only
in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or
dislikes that a very close friend may know). They
may be included to provide a complete picture of
human complexity.

25.  Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British and
American Psychologist, known for as psychometric
research in to personal psychological structure.
 His work also explored the basic dimensions of
personality.
 His personality theory undeniably made a large
impact on the field of personality within psychology.

26. Cattell’s discovered that some traits:
 Surface Trait: Clusters of related behaviors
observed in a given situation.
For example, kindness, honesty, helpfulness etc.
 Source Trait: Sixteen basic dimensions of
personality which are the roots of all behavior.

27. These sixteen factors are:
 Reserved
 Less intelligent
 Affected by feelings
 Submissive
 Serious
 Expedient
 Timid
 Tough-minded
 Trusting
 Practical
 Forthright
 Self-assured
 Conservative
 Group dependent
 Uncontrolled
 Relaxed

28. As a result, a new theory was established namely,
“The Big Five Factor Theory of Personality”. The
labels developed by Costa and McCrae in 1985 are still
in used today.
 Openness
 Conscientiousness
 Extraversion
 Agreeableness
 Neuroticism

29. Major criticisms are:
 Trait theory approach fails to predict
individual’s behavior. Even though an
individual might score high on a particular trait,
he/she might differently.
 Another major weakness of these theories is their
inability to explain the emergence of difference
between individual personalities.