9. • Objective
• Scope
• Contract requirements
• Schedules
• Resources
• Personnel
• Control
• Risk and problem analysis
9-455
Project Elements
10. Project Team and Project Manager
• Project team
• made up of individuals from various areas and
departments within a company
• Matrix organization
• a team structure with members from functional
areas, depending on skills required
• Project manager
• most important member of project team
9-456
Project Team and Proje
11. Scope Statement and Work
•Scope statement
• a document that provides an understanding,
justification, and expected result of a project
•Statement of work
• written description of objectives of a project
•Work breakdown structure (WBS)
• breaks down a project into components,
subcomponents, activities, and tasks
9-457
Scope Statement and
Breakdown Structure
13. • Graph or bar chart with a bar for each
project activity that shows passage of
time
• Provides visual display of project
schedule
• Slack
• amount of time an activity can be delayed
without delaying the project
9-462
Gantt Chart
14. • Time management
• Cost management
• Quality management
• Performance management
• Earned Value Analysis
• a standard procedure for numerically measuring a
project’s progress, forecasting its completion date and
cost and measuring schedule and budget variation
• Communication
• Enterprise project management
9-464
Project Control
15. • Critical Path Method (CPM)
• DuPont & Remington-Rand (1956)
• Deterministic task times
• Activity-on-node network construction
• Project Evaluation and Review Technique
(PERT)
• US Navy, Booz, Allen & Hamilton
• Multiple task time estimates; probabilistic
• Activity-on-arrow network construction
9-465
CPM/PERT
16. • Activity-on-node (AON)
• nodes represent activities,
and arrows show
precedence relationships
Activity-on-arrow (AOA)
•
• arrows represent activities
and nodes are events for
points in time
Event
• completion or beginning
of an activity in a project
Dummy
• two or more activities
cannot share same start
and end nodes
•
•
9-466
Node
1 2 3
Branch
Project Network
17. AOA Project Network for
Lay Dummy
house work
3 1
Design house Order and
financing materials paint carpet
9-467
3
foundation
2 0 Build Finish
1 2 4 3
6 1
7
and obtain receive Select 1 1 Select
5
AOA Project Network
a House
18. Concurrent Activities
Lay
Dummy
2 0
2 3
2 4
Order material
9-468
Lay foundation 3
foundation
1
Order material
(a) Incorrect precedence (b) Correct precedence
relationship relationship
Concurrent Activiti
19. AON Network for House
Finish work
3
2
1 1
and obtain
5 1
Select carpet
1
1
Select paint
materials
9-469
Start
Lay foundations Build house
2 4
7
3
Design house
3 6
financing
Order and receive
AON Network for H
Building Project
21. Finish at 9 months
3
2
1 1
5 1
1
Start at 3 months
9-471
Start
Start at 5 months
2 4
7 Finish
3
3 6
1 Start at 6 months
Activity Start Times
22. • Earliest start time (ES)
• earliest time an activity can start
• ES = maximum EF of immediate predecessors
Forward pass
•
• starts at beginning of CPM/PERT network
determine earliest activity times
Earliest finish time (EF)
• earliest time an activity can finish
• earliest start time plus activity time
• EF= ES + t
to
•
9-473
Activity Scheduling
23. Activity Scheduling (cont.)
• Latest start time (LS)
• Latest time an activity can start without delaying
critical path time
• LS= LF - t
• Latest finish time (LF)
• latest time an activity can be completed without
delaying critical path time
• LF = minimum LS of immediate predecessors
Backward pass
• Determines latest activity times by starting at the
of CPM/PERT network and working forward
•
end
9-475
Activity Scheduling (
24. timates
• Beta distribution
• a probability distribution traditionally used in
CPM/PERT
Mean (expected time): t =
b - a
6
9-478
a + 4m + b
6
2
Variance: 2 =
where
a = optimistic estimate
m = most likely time estimate
b = pessimistic time estimate
Probabilistic Time Es
25. Equipment testing
installation
1 4
debugging
training
development
Manual 1,4,7
2 3,7,11
Start
System
changeover
3 6 System
9-480
Project Network with Probabilistic
Time Estimates: Example
Equipment
and modification
6,8,10 2,4,12 System Final
System
8 10
testing
3,6,9
5 11
Finish
Position 2,3,4 9 1,10,13
recruiting
Job Training 2,4,6
1,3,5 3,4,5 testing
Orientation
7
2,2,2
26. Activity Time Estimates
2 3 6 9 6 1.00
11 1 10 13 9 4.00
9-481
TIME ESTIMA
TES (WKS) MEAN TIME VARIANCE
ACTIVITY a m b t б2
1 6 8 10 8 0.44
3 1 3 5 3 0.44
4 2 4 12 5 2.78
5 2 3 4 3 0.11
6 3 4 5 4 0.11
7 2 2 2 2 0.00
8 3 7 11 7 1.78
9 2 4 6 4 0.44
10 1 4 7 4 1.00
Activity Time Estim
30. Z =
9-486
Probabilistic Network Analysis
Determine probability that project is
completed within specified time
x -
where
= tp = project mean time
= project standard deviation
x = proposed project time
Z = number of standard deviations x
is from mean
31. • Crashing
• reducing project time by expending additional
resources
• Crash time
• an amount of time an activity is reduced
• Crash cost
• cost of reducing activity time
• Goal
• reduce project duration at minimum cost
9-500
Project Crashing
32. Project Network for Building
12
8
1 4
5 4
4
9-501
2 4
7
12
3 6
4
Project Network for
a House
33. Crash cost
Slope = crash cost per week
$3,000 –
–
9-502
Normal Time and Cost
vs. Crash Time and Cost
$7,000 –
$6,000 –
$5,000 – Crashed activity
$4,000 –
Normal activity
Normal cost
$2,000 –
$1,000 – Crash time Normal time
| | | | | | |
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Weeks
36. Time-Cost Relationship
• Crashing costs increase as project
duration decreases
• Indirect costs increase as project
duration increases
• Reduce project length as long as
crashing costs are less than indirect
costs
9-505
Time-Cost Relation