Solid Waste management initiatives in Indian context.

1. Solid Waste management initiatives in
Indian context
Dr. Amrita Daripa and Dr. Sudipta Chattaraj
ICAR- National Bureau of Soil Survey and
Land Use Planning, RC- Kolkata, India

3.  Globally, in 2020 a footprint of
0.79 kg per person per day with
annual expected increase in
waste generation is by 73% from
2020 levels due to population
increase.
 In low-income countries, over
90% of waste is often disposed
in unregulated dumps or openly
burned.
 These practices create serious health, safety and environmental
consequences.
 Poorly managed waste serves as a breeding ground for disease vectors and
contributes to global climate change through methane generation.
World Bank, 2022

4. Urban India produces 42.0 million
tons of MSW annually i.e. 1.15 lakh
metric tons per day(TPD).
423 Class-I cities works out to
72.5% of the total waste generated
each day
Indian Scenario
Indian MSW comprises -
• 30% - 55% of biodegradable
(organic) matter,
• 40% to 55% inert matter
• and 5% to 15% recyclables.
Composition of waste varies with
size of city, season and income
group.

5. Indian Scenario
Per capita waste generation varies between 0.2 Kg to 0.6 Kg per day in cities
with population ranging from 1.0 lakh to 50 lakh.
Yearly increase in the quantity of solid waste in the cities is about 5% due to
increase in population.
Waste collection efficiency ranges from 50% to 90%.
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) spend between Rs.500/- to Rs.1500/- per ton on
solid waste management. Of which-
60% - 70% is spent on collection,
20% - 30% on transportation and
<5% on treatment and disposal
Crude dumping is normally resorted to by ULBs without adopting scientific
and hygienic approach of sanitary landfilling.
https://mohua.gov.in/

6. Importance of waste management
Food Waste- If dumped into landfills produces methane gas due to breakdown
without oxygen.
Economy- Waste management will not only save natural resources it will also
impact the economy in a positive way as there will be more jobs created for
running an efficient waste management system.
Businesses can save money by recycling the materials they produce.
This would help decrease their waste disposal costs.
In addition to this, it helps environmental sustainability by minimizing emissions
of greenhouse gases and preserving natural resources which in turn promotes
the good image of the business.
https://mohua.gov.in/

7. Classification of waste
Wet waste (Biodegradable)
includes the following:
• Dry waste (Non-biodegradable)
• Kitchen waste including food
waste
• Flower and fruit waste
• Garden sweeping or yard
waste
• Sanitary wastes • Green waste
from vegetable & fruit
vendors/shops
• Paper and plastic
• Cardboard and cartons
• Containers of all kinds excluding those
containing hazardous material
• Packaging of all kinds • Glass of all
kinds • Metals of all kinds • Rags, rubber
• House sweeping (dust etc.) • Ashes •
Foils, wrappings, pouches, sachets and
tetra packs (rinsed) • Discarded
electronic items from offices, colonies
viz. cassettes, computer diskettes,
printer cartridges and electronic parts. •
Discarded clothing, furniture and
equipment

8. Basic principles of Solid Waste
Management
1) 4Rs: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse & Recycle
2) Segregation at source
3) Different treatments for different types of solid wastes
4) Treatment at nearest possible point.

9. Basic principles of Solid Waste
Management
(Agrawal et al., 2015)

10.  Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
 12th Schedule of the Constitution of India, urban local bodies (ULBs) are
responsible for keeping cities and towns clean.
Policy frameworks in India

11. 1. Swachha Bharat Mission – Urban (SBM-U): With the enactment of
new rules, it started door-to-door collection, segregation at source,
etc.
2. Swaccha Survekshan: An annual survey of cleanliness, hygiene and
sanitation in cities and towns across India. It launched as a part of
the SBM-U under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
(MoHUA). It gives star ratings to garbage-free cities and towns on
several factors.
3. Swachhata Hi Sewa Campaign: for ensuring cleanliness through the
various stakeholders’ engagement in the “Jan Andolan” (National
Movement).
4. Compost Banao, Compost Apnao Campaign: The aim is to encourage
people to convert their kitchen waste into compost to be used as
fertilizer and to reduce the amount of waste getting to landfill sites.
Recent Government Initiatives

12. 5. Collection and disposal of Sanitary Waste under new rules
6. Promotion of Waste to Energy: Ministry of new and Renewable Energy
(MNRE) launched Program on Energy from Urban, Industrial,
Agricultural waste/residues and Municipal Solid Waste to promote
setting up of Waste-to-Energy projects and to provide central
financial assistance.
7. SWM is also a part of the National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
(2010), which is one of the eight missions under the National
Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) and addresses
sustainability concerns associated with habitats, primarily urban
areas.
8. Extended Producer Responsibility: under E-waste and Plastic Waste
Management Rules, 2016

13. 1. Pune Municipal Corporation and SWaCH, a cooperative of self-employed
waste-pickers, to enhance the door-to-door collection.
2. Parisar Vikas Program Stree Mukti Sanghatan and Greater Mumbai
Municipal Corporation involving waste-pickers in community level
recycling and processing.
3. Waste-to-Energy bio-methanation plant at Koyambedu wholesale
vegetable market, Chennai.
4. Wake-up Clean-up Campaign and zero waste program involving the
community in SWM
by Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP).
Best Practices in SWM in India

14. 5. Exnora Green Pammal: Door-to-door collection, transportation and waste
processing services to establish sustainable waste management
systems in small towns.
6. Trashcon: a technology startup providing complete end-to-end technology
like ‘TrashBot’ that sorts the waste and recycles it, thus convert
every bit of waste to value.
7. Engage-14: An initiative by Gangtok Municipal Corporation to engage
school students and generate awareness about sustainable waste
management.
Best Practices in SWM in India
(Meshram, 2021)

15. 1. Smart waste management: digitization in waste collection and disposal
operations, real-time monitoring of collection and transportation and
efficient assessment mechanism.
2. Circular Economy: It is based on a restorative or regenerative
design of industries, businesses, processes, etc. which
minimizes/eliminates the waste and promotes sustainability
throughout the life cycle. Treating waste as a potential resource and
recovering materials from waste streams through recycling might
generate revenue and make the value chain self-sustaining.
3. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): ULB’s and city planners should work
with private trash and recycling companies to design impactful
programs.
Innovation and Opportunities within the
SWM sector

16. 4. New ideas: innovations on the lines similar to the city of Songdo in South
Korea where, all household waste is sucked directly from individual
kitchens through a vast underground network of tunnels, to waste
processing centers, where it’s automatically sorted, deodorized and
treated.
5. Smart Waste Corporation or SWC: a set of three ‘smart’ garbage cans
provided for free to every home.
Green can for organic waste.
Blue can take in recyclables, like paper, plastics and metals.
Orange can is reserved for any non-recyclables like leather, thermocol or
synthetic rubber products.
These are SIM embedded cans that give SWC credits or cash for each kilo
of garbage deposit. (From ‘Invertonomics’ by Goonmeet Singh Chauhan).
Innovation and Opportunities within the
SWM sector

17.  Waste management can be the single highest budget item for several
local administrations.
 In low-income countries like India, it comprises 20% of municipal
budgets, on average.
 A focus on data, planning, financing and integrated waste management is
desired.
 Use of the 4 Rs principle – Refuse, Reduce, Reuse & Recycle shall be
promoted.
 In an era of rapid urbanization and population growth, solid waste
management is critical for sustainable, healthy, egalitarian, and
inclusive cities and communities.
Government initiatives and society’s best practices need to be supported
and speed up by technology and innovation. One must learn from
these practices and innovate further to visualize the goal of
sustainable SWM.
Conclusion

18. Thank you