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¿Qué es Dilatación Térmica?

  Se denomina dilatación al cambio
 de longitud, volumen o alguna otra
 dimensión métrica que sufre un
 cuerpo físico debido al cambio de
 temperatura que se provoca en ella
 por cualquier medio.
¿Por qué se dilatan las sustancias
      con la temperatura?
 Cuando se da calor a un sólido se está dando
 energía a sus moléculas, que estimuladas,
 vibran más enérgicamente.
 Es cierto que no varían de volumen; pero se
 labran un espacio más grande para su mayor
 oscilación, de manera que al aumentar la
 distancia entre molécula y molécula el sólido
 concluye por dilatarse.
TIPOS DE DILATACIÓN
 DILATACIÓN LINEAL
Se produce en alambres, varillas, barras, rieles, etc.

 DILATACIÓN SUPERFICIAL (ÁREA)
Se produce en baldosas, vidrio, placas metálicas, etc.

 DILATATACIÓN VOLUMÉTRICA
Se produce en gases, líquidos y cuerpos geométricos.
DILATACIÓN TÉRMICA LINEAL
 El coeficiente de dilatación lineal, designado por αL,
para una dimensión lineal cualquiera, se puede
medir experimentalmente comparando el valor de
dicha magnitud antes y después de cierto cambio de
temperatura como:
Donde ΔL, es el incremento de su integridad física
cuando se aplica un pequeño cambio global y
uniforme de temperatura ΔT a todo el cuerpo. El
cambio total de longitud de la dimensión lineal que
se considere, puede despejarse de la ecuación
anterior:
Tabla Valores de α
       SUSTANCIA               α ºC-1         SUSTANCIA               α ºC-1
           Plomo             29 x 10-6          Aluminio            23 x 10-6
            Hielo            52 x 10-6            Bronce            19 x 10-6
           Cuarzo            0,6 x 10-6           Cobre             17 x 10-6
         Hule duro           80 x 10-6            Hierro            12 x 10-6
           Acero             12 x 10-6            Latón             19 x 10-6
          Mercurio          182 x 10-6       Vidrio (común)         9 x 10-6
             Oro             14 x 10-6        Vidrio (pirex)       3.3 x 10-6

* En el intervalo de 0ºC a 100ºC, excepto para el hielo, que es desde – 10ºC a 0ºC.

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dilacalor

  • 1.
  • 2. ¿Qué es Dilatación Térmica? Se denomina dilatación al cambio de longitud, volumen o alguna otra dimensión métrica que sufre un cuerpo físico debido al cambio de temperatura que se provoca en ella por cualquier medio.
  • 3. ¿Por qué se dilatan las sustancias con la temperatura? Cuando se da calor a un sólido se está dando energía a sus moléculas, que estimuladas, vibran más enérgicamente. Es cierto que no varían de volumen; pero se labran un espacio más grande para su mayor oscilación, de manera que al aumentar la distancia entre molécula y molécula el sólido concluye por dilatarse.
  • 4. TIPOS DE DILATACIÓN  DILATACIÓN LINEAL Se produce en alambres, varillas, barras, rieles, etc.  DILATACIÓN SUPERFICIAL (ÁREA) Se produce en baldosas, vidrio, placas metálicas, etc.  DILATATACIÓN VOLUMÉTRICA Se produce en gases, líquidos y cuerpos geométricos.
  • 5. DILATACIÓN TÉRMICA LINEAL El coeficiente de dilatación lineal, designado por αL, para una dimensión lineal cualquiera, se puede medir experimentalmente comparando el valor de dicha magnitud antes y después de cierto cambio de temperatura como:
  • 6. Donde ΔL, es el incremento de su integridad física cuando se aplica un pequeño cambio global y uniforme de temperatura ΔT a todo el cuerpo. El cambio total de longitud de la dimensión lineal que se considere, puede despejarse de la ecuación anterior:
  • 7. Tabla Valores de α SUSTANCIA α ºC-1 SUSTANCIA α ºC-1 Plomo 29 x 10-6 Aluminio 23 x 10-6 Hielo 52 x 10-6 Bronce 19 x 10-6 Cuarzo 0,6 x 10-6 Cobre 17 x 10-6 Hule duro 80 x 10-6 Hierro 12 x 10-6 Acero 12 x 10-6 Latón 19 x 10-6 Mercurio 182 x 10-6 Vidrio (común) 9 x 10-6 Oro 14 x 10-6 Vidrio (pirex) 3.3 x 10-6 * En el intervalo de 0ºC a 100ºC, excepto para el hielo, que es desde – 10ºC a 0ºC.