Amplifiers are the workhorses of data acquisition and transmission systems. They capture and amplify the low level signals from sensors and transmitters, and can pull these signals from high noise and high common-mode voltage levels. Amplifiers can also change the signal range and switch from single-ended to differential (or the reverse) to match exactly the input range of an ADC. This session covers the versatility and power of amplifiers in precision systems.
3. Today’s Agenda
Operational amplifier design and applications
Op amp noise considerations
Instrumentation amplifiers and applications
ADC driver amplifiers
High common mode voltage applications
Amplifier design tools
3
4. Analog to Electronic Signal Processing
SENSOR
(INPUT)
DIGITAL
PROCESSOR
AMP CONVERTER
ACTUATOR
(OUTPUT)
AMP CONVERTER
4
5. Analog to Electronic Signal Processing
SENSOR
(INPUT)
DIGITAL
PROCESSOR
AMP CONVERTER
ACTUATOR
(OUTPUT)
AMP CONVERTER
5
6. Amplifiers and Operational Amplifiers
Amplifiers
Make a low-level, high-source impedance signal into a high-level, low-source
impedance signal
Op amps, power amps, RF amps, instrumentation amps, etc.
Most complex amplifiers built up from combinations of op amps
Operational amplifiers
Three-terminal device (plus power supplies)
Amplify a small signal at the input terminals to a very, very large one at the
output terminal
6
7. Operational Amplifiers
Operational
Op amps can be configured with feedback networks in multiple ways to perform
“operations” on input signals
“Operations” include positive or negative gain, filtering, nonlinear transfer
functions, comparison, summation, subtraction, reference buffering, differential
amplification, integration, differentiation, etc.
Applications
Fundamental building block for analog design
Sensor input amplifier
Simple and complex filters – antialiasing
ADC driver
7
9. AD823 JFET Input Op Amp Simplified Schematic
INPUTS
+VS
-VS
Q57
A=19
Q44
A=1
Q43
Q58
Q62
R44
S1NS1P
VB
Q49Q61Q72
J6J1
Q48
Q35Q53
I1 Q56
Q59
A=1
Q17
A=19
OUTPUTQ60
R28
(-)
(+)
VBE + 0.3V
BIAS CURRENT = 25pA MAX @ +25 C
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE = 0.8mV MAX @ +25 C
INPUT VOLTAGE NOISE = 15nV/Hz
INPUT CURRENT NOISE = 1fA/Hz
9
10. Key Op Amp Performance Features
Bandwidth and Slew Rate
The speed of the op amp
Bandwidth is the highest operating frequency of the op amp
Slew rate is the maximum rate of change of the output
Determined by the frequency of the signal and the gain needed
Offset Voltage and Current
The errors of the op amp
Determines measurement accuracy
Noise
Op amp noise limits how small a signal can be amplified with good fidelity
10
12. Op Amp Error Sources
12
IDEAL
OFFSET VOLTAGE (Vos)
INPUT IMPEDANCE (ZIN)
INPUT BIAS CURRENT (Ib)
INPUT OFFSET CURRENT
(Ios)
A
+
-
-+
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
(ZOUT)
IB – The Current into the Inputs
[~pA to mA]
Vos – The Difference in Voltage
Between the Inputs [µV to mV]
IOS – The Difference Between the
+ IB and – IB [~IB /10]
ZIN – Input Impedance [MW to GW]
ZOUT – Output Impedance [<1 W]
Avo – Open Loop Gain [V/mV]
BW – Finite Bandwidth [ kHz to GHz)
13. AN “IDEAL” NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
13
+
-
Vin
Vout
I1
R1
R2
V1
Vid
1VVV idin
outV
RR
R
V *
21
1
1
))(1(
1
2
idinout VV
R
R
V
14. DC + AC Errors of a Circuit
PSRR
Vs
CMRR
V
en
A
V
RIVV
icm
vo
out
sBosid
*
14
)(
1
idinout VVV
))*((
1
PSRR
Vs
CMRR
V
en
A
V
RIVVV
cm
vo
out
sBos
in
out
0_ vGAINLOOP A
Since en gets multiplied by
1
we get the name “noise gain”
+
-
R
2
Rs
Vout
Vid
Vin
15. Noise Gain: The noise gain of an op amp can
never be less than the signal gain
+
-
IN +
-
+
-
A B C
R1
R2 IN
R1
R2
R2
R1
IN
Signal Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain =- R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain =- R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 +
R2
R1 R3
Voltage Noise and Offset Voltage of the op amp are reflected to the
output by the Noise Gain.
Noise Gain, not Signal Gain, is relevant in assessing stability.
Circuit C has unchanged Signal Gain, but higher Noise Gain, thus
better stability, worse noise, and higher output offset voltage.
IN
A B C
R1
R2 IN
R1
R2
R2
R1
IN
Signal Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain = R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain =
Noise Gain = 1 +
R2
+
-
IN +
-
+
-
A B C
R1
R2 IN
R1
R2
R2
R1
IN
Signal Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain =- R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain =- R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 +
R2
R1 R3
IN
A B C
R1
R2 IN
R1
R2
R2
R1
IN
Signal Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain = R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain =
Noise Gain = 1 +
R2
+
-
IN +
-
+
-
A B C
R1
R2 IN
R1
R2
R2
R1
IN
Signal Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain =- R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain =- R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 +
R2
R1 R3
Voltage Noise and Offset Voltage of the op amp are reflected to the
output by the Noise Gain.
Noise Gain, not Signal Gain, is relevant in assessing stability.
Circuit C has unchanged Signal Gain, but higher Noise Gain, thus
better stability, worse noise, and higher output offset voltage.
IN
A B C
R1
R2 IN
R1
R2
R2
R1
IN
Signal Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain = R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain =
Noise Gain = 1 +
R2
+
-
IN +
-
+
-
A B C
R1
R2 IN
R1
R2
R2
R1
IN
Signal Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain =- R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain =- R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 +
R2
R1 R3
IN
A B C
R1
R2 IN
R1
R2
R2
R1
IN
Signal Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain = R2/R1
Noise Gain = 1 + R2/R1
Signal Gain =
Noise Gain = 1 +
R2
15
16. Total Noise Calculation
FCL = CLOSED LOOP BANDWIDTH
R1
V
ON
Rp
In-
In+
R2
V
n
V
R2J
V
R1J
V
RPJ
+
= BW [(In-2)R2
2] [NG] + [(In+2)RP
2] [NG] + VN
2 [NG] + 4kTR2 [NG-1] + 4kTR1 [NG-1] + 4kTRP [NG]VON
BW = 1.57 FCL
FCL = CLOSED LOOP BANDWIDTH
R1
V
ON
Rp
In-
In+
R2
V
n
V
R2J
V
R1J
V
RPJ
+
R1
V
ON
Rp
In-
In+
R2
V
n
V
R2J
V
R1J
V
RPJ
+
= BW [(In-2)R2
2] [NG] + [(In+2)RP
2] [NG] + VN
2 [NG] + 4kTR2 [NG-1] + 4kTR1 [NG-1] + 4kTRP [NG]VON = BW [(In-2)R2
2] [NG] + [(In+2)RP
2] [NG] + VN
2 [NG] + 4kTR2 [NG-1] + 4kTR1 [NG-1] + 4kTRP [NG]VON
BW = 1.57 FCL
16
17. Dominant Noise Source Determined
by Input Impedance
CONTRIBUTION
FROM
AMPLIFIER
VOLTAGE NOISE
AMPLIFIER
CURRENT NOISE
FLOWING IN R
JOHNSON
NOISE OF R
VALUES OF R
0 3k 300k
3 3 3
0
0
3
7
300
70
RTI NOISE (nV / Hz)
Dominant Noise Source is Highlighted
R
+
–
EXAMPLE: OP27
Voltage Noise = 3nV / Hz
Current Noise = 1pA / Hz
T = 25°C
OP27
R2
R1
Neglect R1 and R2
Noise Contribution
CONTRIBUTION
FROM
AMPLIFIER
VOLTAGE NOISE
AMPLIFIER
CURRENT NOISE
FLOWING IN R
JOHNSON
NOISE OF R
VALUES OF R
0 3k 300k
3 3 3
0
0
3
7
300
70
RTI NOISE (nV / Hz)
Dominant Noise Source is Highlighted
R
+
–
EXAMPLE: OP27
Voltage Noise = 3nV / Hz
Current Noise = 1pA / Hz
T = 25°C
OP27
R2
R1
Neglect R1 and R2
Noise Contribution
17
AD8675
AD8675
18. 1/f Noise Bandwidth
1/f Corner Frequency is a figure of merit for op amp
noise performance (the lower the better)
Typical Ranges: 2Hz to 2kHz
Voltage Noise and Current Noise do not necessarily
have the same 1/f corner frequency
3dB/Octave
WHITE NOISE
LOG f
CORNER
1
f
NOISE
nV / Hz
or
Hz
en, in
k
FC
k FC
1
f
en, in =
3dB/Octave
WHITE NOISE
LOG f
CORNER
1
f
NOISE
nV / Hz
or
pA / Hz
en, in
k
FC
k FC
1
f
en, in =
1/f Corner Frequency is a figure of merit for op amp
noise performance (the lower the better)
Typical Ranges: 2Hz to 2kHz
Voltage Noise and Current Noise do not necessarily
have the same 1/f corner frequency
3dB/Octave
WHITE NOISE
LOG f
CORNER
1
f
NOISE
nV / Hz
or
Hz
en, in
k
FC
k FC
1
f
en, in =
3dB/Octave
WHITE NOISE
LOG f
CORNER
1
f
NOISE
nV / Hz
or
pA / Hz
en, in
k
FC
k FC
1
f
en, in =
18
20. ADA4528-x World’s Most Accurate Op Amp Low
Noise Zero-Drift Amplifier
Key Features
Lowest noise zero-drift amp
5.6 nV/√Hz noise floor
No 1/f noise
High DC accuracy
Low offset voltage: 2.5 µV max
Low offset voltage drift: 0.015 µV/ºC max
Rail-to-rail input/output
Operating voltage: 2.2 V to 5.5 V
Applications
Transducer applications
Temperature measurements
Electronic scales
Medical instrumentation
Battery-powered instruments
20
Vos TCVos Isy / Amp CMRR Bandwidth Slew Rate Temp Range Op. Supply
2.5 V max 0.015 V/ºC max 1.8 mA max 115 dB min 4 MHz 0.4 V/s -40 C - 125 C 2.2 V to 5.5 V
ADA4528-1 Single Released ADA4528-2 Dual In Development
Package: 8-lead MSOP, 8-lead LFCSP-8 (3 x 3)
Price: $1.15 1ku
Package: 8-lead MSOP, 8-lead LFCSP (3 x 3)
Sample Availability: Now
No 1/f Noise
5.6nV/Hz
ADI Advantages
World’s Most Accurate Op Amp, Lowest Voltage Noise Zero-
Drift Op Amp
21. Precision Weigh Scale Design Using the AD7791
24-Bit Sigma-Delta ADC with External ADA4528-1
Zero-Drift Amplifiers (CN0216)
21
24-bit
ADC
Noise optimized for
DC measurements
22. 1-22
1) More capacitance, more noise peaking
2) Total noise at the output = value of the
noise spectral density integrated over the
entire bandwidth
3) Noise is dominated by the noise peak.
4) Assuming system –3 dB bandwidth of
16 MHz (25 MHz noise bandwidth)
CL = 8 pF CL = 220 pF CL = 470 pF
95 µV rms 110 µV rms 115 µV rms
23. ADI Amplifiers
Based on Process Innovations
Advanced Process Technology
Bipolar
JFET
CMOS
iCMOS® High Performance, Low Noise CMOS Process
iPolar® High Performance, Low Noise Bipolar Process
LD20 Enhanced CMOS
23
24. Precision Amplifier Enablers
•Overvoltage Protection
•Zero Crossover Distortion
•Zero-Drift Op Amp
•Bias Cancellation Circuitry
Design
Techniques
•Low Noise Processes
•High Voltage Processes
•Feature Rich Processes
Process
Technology
•DigiTrim / In Pkg Trim
•Laser Trim
Trim
Techniques
•Micro Packages
•WLCSP/ Bumped Die
•Low Stress Polyimide
Package
Technology
•Strip Testing
•TCVOS on Strip
Test
Techniques
24
•Improved Robustness
•Higher Performance Amplifiers
•Higher Precision in Small Plastic Packages
•High Precision CMOS Products
•Higher Precision in Small Plastic Packages
•Greater User Flexibility - Small Form Factors
•Greater Functionality in Small Footprint
• Higher Precision, Improves Offset and TCVOS
Performance
Resulting Benefits
•Ultralow Noise AMP/REF Designs
•Higher Voltage Amplifiers (100 V)
•Higher Integration and Added Features
25. AD8597/9
1 nV/√Hz Ultralow Noise
Key Benefits
Low Noise, High Precision
Low Voltage Noise: 1 nV/Hz at 1 kHz, 76 nV
from 0.1 Hz to 1 Hz
Low Current Noise: 1.5 pA/√Hz
Unity Gain Stable with High 50 mA Output Drive
±5V to ±15V Operation
25
Noise THD+N Vos CMRR Bandwidth Slew Rate Temp Range Price @ 1k
1 nV/√Hz –105 dB 120 V max 120 dB 10 MHz 16 V/s
–40 C to
85 C
See website
8-lead SOIC and 8-lead
LFCSP (3x3)
Released
SOIC
Released
AD8597 Single AD8599 Dual
OUT A 1
- IN A 2
+ IN A 3
- V 4
+ V8
OUT B7
- IN B6
+ IN B5
AD8599
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
OUT A 1
- IN A 2
+ IN A 3
- V 4
+ V8
OUT B7
- IN B6
+ IN B5
AD8599
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
Applications
Professional audio preamps
ATE
Imaging systems
Medical instrumentation
Precision detectors
26. Optimizing AC Performance in an 18-bit,
250 kSPS, PulSAR Measurement Circuit
(CN0261)
26
Noise optimized for
Mid-range frequencies
27. Analog to Electronic Signal Processing
SENSOR
(INPUT)
DIGITAL
PROCESSOR
AMP CONVERTER
ACTUATOR
(OUTPUT)
AMP CONVERTER
27
28. 20-Bit, Linear, Low Noise, Precision, Bipolar
±10 V DC Voltage Source (CN0191)
28
1 – ppm resolution
Needs low noise
In all components
32. What Can Op Amps Do?
Op amps can do anything
Amplify
Filter
Level shift
Compare
Drive
The circuit design becomes difficult
Matching multiple amplifiers
Circuit complexity
Precision passive components
32
33. Specialty Amplifiers
Specialty Amplifiers
Designed for a specific signal type
Extract and amplify only the signal of interest
Pick off a small differential signal from a large common-mode voltage
Capture and demodulate a low-level AC signal
Compress a high-dynamic range signal
Provide automatic or controlled gain-changing
Send and receive precision signals
Provide high-speed low-impedance power output
Use the analog domain to its best advantage to prepare a clean signal for the
data converter
33
35. Single-Ended vs. Differential Signals
Single-ended signals
Signal is measured referred to ground
When signals are bipolar (+ and –), negative supplies needed
AC signals are typically bipolar or need special “floating,” or capacitive coupling
Ground often carries high noise from other signals or power, compromising the
signal
Differential signals
Both sides of the signal float “off ground”
Signals are separated from ground and other signals
High frequency and accuracy usually need differential handling
Common mode (average) can be set for single supply
Specialized differential/difference amplifiers are needed
35
36. Instrumentation, Difference, and Differential
Amplifiers
Instrumentation Amplifiers
Amplify differential inputs to a single-ended output
Normally both amplifier inputs are high impedance
Provide high gain (up to 10,000) and low noise
Normally handle low-level signals from sensors
Difference Amplifiers
Amplify differential inputs from high common-mode voltage levels
Often include input attenuator to allow operation outside supplies
High common-mode rejection even at high frequencies
Differential Amplifiers
High frequency amplifiers with differential input and output
Handle higher-level signals at lower gains
Typically used for line driving/receiving and ADC driving
36
37. Op Amp Subtractor or Difference Amplifier
37
VOUT = (V2 – V1)
R2
R1
R1 R2
_
+
V1
V2
VOUT
R1' R2'
R2
R1
=
R2'
R1'
R2'
R1'
CRITICAL FOR HIGH CMR
0.1% TOTAL MISMATCH YIELDS 66dB CMR FOR R1 = R2
CMR = 20 log10
1 +
R2
R1
Kr
Where Kr = Total Fractional
Mismatch of R1/ R2 TO
R1'/R2'
EXTREMELY SENSITIVE TO SOURCE IMPEDANCE IMBALANCE
REF
38. AD8271 : Precision Difference Amplifier with
Programmable Gain
38
KEY SPECIFICATIONS
Difference Amplifier: G = ½, 1, 2
Single-ended Amplifier: G = -2 to +3
Low Distortion: 110 dB THD + N
Typical (G=1)
15 MHz Bandwidth
80 dB Min CMRR (G=1)
0.08% Max Gain Error
2 ppm/°C Max Gain Drift
2.6 mA Max Supply Current
Wide Power Supply Range: ±2.5 V to
±18 V
Key Benefits
Low Distortion Higher Performance
Versatile Gain Configurations Easy to Use
Target Applications
High Performance Audio/Video
In-Amp Building Block
ADC Driver
1
7
6
10kΩ
AD8271
10kΩ
10kΩ
10kΩ
20kΩ
20kΩ
10kΩ
–VS
P4
P3
P2
P1
+VS
OUT
N1
N2
N3
07363-032
10
9
8
2
3
4
5
39. AD8270/AD8271 Flexible Gain Configurations
39
=
07363-053
1
7
10kΩ
AD8271
10kΩ
10kΩ
10kΩ
20kΩ
20kΩ
10kΩ
P4
P3
P2
P1
+IN
GND OUT
OUT
N1
N2
N3
10
9
8
2
3
4
–IN
–IN
+IN
5kΩ
5kΩ
10kΩ
10kΩ
GND
=
–IN
+IN
10kΩ
5kΩ
5kΩ
10kΩ
GND
07363-055
1
7
10kΩ
AD8271
10kΩ
10kΩ
10kΩ
20kΩ
20kΩ
10kΩ
P4
P3
P2
P1
OUT
OUT
N1
N2
N3
10
9
8
2
3
4
–IN
GND
+IN
OUT
G = ½, Ground Reference
G = 1, Mid-Supply Reference
G = 2, Ground Reference
More in Datasheet
40. AD8271 Application Example: Building High
Speed In-Amp
CN0122: High Speed Instrumentation Amplifier Using the AD8271
Difference Amplifier and the ADA4627-1 JFET Input Op Amp
Gain-bandwidth product of 20MHz at gain of 200
www.analog.com/CN0122
Uses monolithic difference amplifier for the output amplifier, thereby providing
good dc/ac accuracy with fewer components
40
41. AD8277 Application Example – Precision
Absolute Value Circuit
Benefits
One single component
Cost competitive
Simple single-supply operation
Wide input and supply range
Low supply current
Higher performance
Fast 0 V crossover response
Gain accuracy
Offset voltage, temp drifts
Low noise gain
41
AD8277
A1
–
+
AD8277
A2
–
+
VIN
VOUT = | VIN |
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
A1
–
+
A2
–
+
VIN
VOUT = | VIN |
R1
R2
R4
R3 R5
D1
D2
R1, R2, R3 = 10kΩ
R4, R5 = 20kΩ
Conventional precision absolute value circuit requires
many fast, high precision (i.e., expensive) components,
and has performance issues.
43. The Generic Instrumentation Amplifier
(In-Amp)
43
~~
COMMON
MODE
VOLTAGE
VCM
+
_
RG
IN-AMP
GAIN = G
VOUTVREF
COMMON MODE ERROR (RTI) =
VCM
CMRR
~
RS/2
RS/2
RS
~
~
VSIG
2
VSIG
2
+
_
+
_
44. The Three Op Amp In-Amp
VOUT
RG
R1'
R1
R2'
R2
R3'
R3
+
_
+
_
+
_
VREF
VOUT = VSIG • 1 +
2R1
RG
+ VREF
R3
R2
IF R2 = R3, G = 1 +
2R1
RG
CMR 20log
GAIN × 100
% MISMATCH
CMR 20log
GAIN × 100
% MISMATCH
CMR 20log
GAIN × 100
% MISMATCH
~~
~~
~~
VCM
+
_
+
_
VSIG
2
VSIG
2
A1
A2
A3
44
45. Generalized Bridge Amplifier Using an In-Amp
+VB
+
IN AMP
REF VOUT
RG
+VS
-VSR+R
VB
R
R
VOUT = GAIN
R+R
R–R
R–R
45
46. 1 MΩ
10 nF
10 kΩ
10 kΩ
1 nF
1 nF
100 kΩ
1 µF
AD8495
PCB
Traces
Thermocouple
RFI
Filter
Thermocouple
Amplifier
Filter for
50/60 Hz
Reference
Junction
Measurement
Junction
Common Mode
fc = 16 kHz
Differential
fc = 1.3 kHz
Includes
Reference
Junction
Compensation
fc = 1.6 Hz
5 mV/°C
Ground
Connection
5V
REF
Typical In-Amp Applications
Sensor Interface
Pressure
Strain
Temperature
Vibration
Current sensing
Measurement of Biopotentials
EEG
ECG
Market Segments
INI, H/C, PCTL, MIL/AERO,
ATE, AUTO…
46
47. Different Circuit Topologies to build an In amp
3-Op Amp 2-Op Amp
47
Indirect-Current Feedback Current-Mode Correction
+IN
–IN
OUT
REF
+IN
–IN
OUT
REF
OUT
REF
GM1 GM2
(G-1)R
R
+IN
–IN
+IN
–IN
OUT
REF
2IE
IE
IE = (V – V )/R1
R1
R2
–IN+IN
48. CMRR vs. Frequency (Different Topologies)
BEST GOOD
48
GOOD BETTER
AD8421
AD8420
AD627
AD8553
49. Input Common Mode Range in Instrumentation
Amplifiers
Input common-mode voltage
range is limited in
instrumentation amplifiers
This is not the same as the input
voltage range of each input
Internal amplifiers may get
saturated in the presence of large
common-mode voltages
This behavior usually limits single
supply operation at low voltage
levels
The “diamond” plots are a
graphical representation of
these operational limits
The amplifier will only operate
inside the plot
Sometimes is necessary to change
the gain, reference voltage or power
supply levels
49
50. 50
Key Features
Low Power
115μA
Industry Leading Gain Accuracy and Drift
Gain Error: < 50ppm
Gain Drift: < 0.5ppm/ C
High CMRR
CMRR: 110dB @ all gains (DC to 60Hz)
Wide Input Common Mode Range
GND – 0.3V to Vs + 0.3V
Excellent DC Performance
Input Offset: 60μV
Offset Drift: 0.2μV/ C
Other Key Specifications
Single supply: 1.8V to 5.0V
Noise RTI: 1.5μVpp (0.1 to10Hz)
70nV/RtHz @ 1kHz
Bandwidth: 10kHz @ G=100
Gain Range: 1-1000
Input RFI Protection
Package: 8L MSOP
Applications
Medical Instrumentation
Remote Sensing and Hand Held Instrumentation
Precision Bridge and Current Sense Measurements
Consumer Peripherals – Gaming, Distributed Computing
Setting the
Gain
–IN
+IN
VREF
R2
R1
G = 1+
R2
R1
AD8237 VOUT
REF
FB
AD8237 - Micro Power, Zero-Drift In Amp
51. 51
300mV operation above and below the supply rails with output swing completely independent of input common-
mode voltage
Industry Leading Input Voltage Range
55. ADC Driver Amplifiers
Driving ADC inputs
ADC switching feeds transient back to input pins
ADC driver amp must reject transients to provide accurate signal
High Performance ADCs
Recent high performance ADCs have 16 bits and more at 200 MSPS and
higher
Such performance requires a differential input signal
Differential Amplifiers
Differential or single-ended input converted to differential output
Low impedance output stage rejects ADC switching spikes
Common-mode level set and gain setting allow optimum match to ADC range
Voltage Reference Buffer
ADC transients can reflect back to reference output
Op amp buffer with low output impedance at high frequency may be needed
56
56. Typical Unbuffered Single-Ended Input Transients of
CMOS Switched Capacitor ADC
2.57
Note: Data Taken with 50 Source Resistances
SAMPLING CLOCK
58. AD8475:
Differential Funnel Amp and ADC Driver
Key Features
Active precision attenuation
(0.4x or 0.8x)
Level-translating
VOCM pin sets output common
mode
Single-ended to differential conversion
Differential rail-to-rail output
Input range beyond the rail
Key Specifications
150 MHz bandwidth
10 nV/√Hz output noise
50 V/μS slew rate
–112 dB THD + N
1 ppm/°C max gain drift
500 μV max output offset
3 mA supply current
59
Benefits
Connect industrial sensors to high
precision differential ADCs
Simplify design
Enable quick development
Reduce PCB size
Reduce cost
Applications
Process control modules
Data acquisition systems
Medical monitoring devices
ADC driver
Low Voltage
ADC Inputs
Large
Input
Signal
59. AD8475: Funnel Amplifier + ADC Driver
AD8475 AD7982
REF
+5V
10kΩ
10kΩ
+IN 0.4x
-IN 0.4x
VOCM
+5V
+IN
-IN
20Ω
20Ω
270pF
270pF
1.35nF
0.5V – 4.5V
VOUT(DIFF) ±4V
0.1µF
4V 2.5V
0.5V – 4.5V
VOUT(DIFF) ±4V
4V 2.5V
SNR=97dB
THD=-113dB
ADR435
0V±10V
60
Interface ±10 V or ±5 V signal on a
single-supply amplifier
Integrate 4 Steps in 1
Attenuate
Single-ended-to-differential conversion
Level-shift
Drive ADC
Drive differential 18-bit SAR ADC
up to 4 MSPS with few external
components
60. Precision, Low Power, Single-Supply, Fully
Integrated Differential ADC Driver for Industrial-Level
Signals (CN0180)
61
Interface ±10 V or ±5 V signal on a
single-supply amplifier
Integrate 4 Steps in 1
Attenuate
Single-ended-to-differential conversion
Level-shift
Drive ADC
Drive differential 18-bit SAR ADC
up to 4 MSPS with few external
components
62. ADR45xx – Ultrahigh Precision, Low Noise,
Voltage Reference Product Overview
Key Features
Ultrahigh accuracy
Voltage drift: 2 ppm/°C max., B grade
• 5 ppm/°C max., A grade
Low initial output voltage error: 0.02% max.
Long-term drift: 25 ppm/1,000 hours typ.
Excellent noise performance
1/f noise: <0.5 ppm,pp (0.1 Hz to 10 Hz)
Wideband noise: <5 μV rms (10 Hz to 10 kHz)
Versatility
Input voltage range: 3 V to 15 V
Low dropout: 200 mV for +2 mA at +125°C
• 1 V for ADR4520, 0.5 V for ADR4525
Output drive: ±10 mA – no buffer amp needed
Quiescent current: 800 µA max
Wide temperature range
-40oC to +125oC operation
Applications
Medical/industrial/test instrumentation
Automotive hybrid battery monitoring
63
Package Temp Price
8-lead SOIC
–40 C to
+125 C
$2.45 @ 1k (A)
$3.45 @ 1k (B)
All Options of the ADR45xx Family
ADR4520 2.048 V Samples
ADR4525 2.5 V Now
ADR4530 3.0 V
ADR4533 3.3 V RTS
ADR4540 4.096 V Mar 2012
ADR4550 5.0 V
63. Benefits of Precision Current Sensing
Precision Current Sensing allows for finer/more adjustments in
Automotive Control applications
Automatic Transmission: Larger number of gear options and smoother shifting
Diesel Injection: Better mileage, lower emissions, reduced noise
Electric Power Steering: Facilitates transition from Hydraulic to Electro-
Hydraulic
Electric Motor: enables higher performance systems
Brake-by-wire and Electric Parking Brake
Adaptive Suspension
Advanced Wiper / Memory Seat / One-Touch Down Window
In General, High-side current sensing allows for:
• Lower cost wiring
• Improved diagnostics capabilities
• Precise current sensing
• Improved system efficiencies
64
66. 67
Typical
Applications
DC-DC CONVERTERS
BANDWIDTH
CMRR over frequency
Response time
POWER SUPPLY
MONITORING
Common Mode Range
Gain value
Response time
VALVE/SOLENOID CONTROL
TEMPERATURE DRIFT
Common mode rejection
Averaging function
MOTOR CONTROL
BIDIRECTIONAL SENSE
TEMPERATURE DRIFT
Common mode rejection
Output linearity to 0V input
Response time
SOLAR PANEL MONITORING
Inverter / Power Maximizing
Common Mode Range
Gain value
Response time
POWER AMPLIFERS
TEMPERATURE DRIFT
Common mode rejection
67. AD8210 – Application Examples
14V
To
control
circuitry
DC Motor Control DC/DC Converter42V
Shunt
ECU
V Out
G=20
Vs
AD8210
V Ref 2
V Ref 1
- IN+ IN
GND
Reference
5V
V Out
G=20
Vs
AD8210
V Ref 2
V Ref 1
- IN+ IN
GND
V Battery
Motor Control Applications
Industrial DC Motor Control
Medical Imaging Machine Motor Control
Automotive DC Motor and Solenoid Control
DC/DC Converter Applications
Power Supply
Base Station
Battery Charging
Automotive Battery Charging
68
68. High Common-Mode Current Sensing
Using the AD629 Difference Amplifier
VCM = 270V for VS = 15V
69
Next generation AD8479 with 600V common mode range coming soon
69. [Circuit board pic here]
Current Monitor with 500 V Common-Mode
Voltage (CN0218)
Circuit Features
500 V common mode
0.2% accuracy
Circuit Benefits
Minimal loading
Fast response
Inputs
Power shunt resistor
70
Target Applications Key Parts Used Interface/Connectivity
Metering and Energy
Monitoring
Motor and Power
Control
Power Supplies
AD8212
AD8605
AD7171
ADuM5402
Isolated
SPI
70. Amplifiers Improve What We See…
The clarity and contrast in this ultrasound comes from the very low
noise floor of the VGA, the constancy of the noise over the entire gain
range, and the very tight delay variance.
AD8332
71
71. …. And How We Live!
Did you see an accident today?
ADF4158
Xmit Channel
Sig. Generator
PA
AD8283
Rx Channel
Signal Pxing
DSP
ANTENNA
ADAS systems require multi-channel radar receivers, with finely controlled
gain and low channel crosstalk, at very low noise and power factors.
By offering these, AD8283 AFE makes it possible to eliminate most accidents
at speeds less than 25 mph.
72
75. Tweet it out! @ADI_News #ADIDC13
What We Covered
Op amps are very versatile devices that can be set up for many
applications
Op amps cannot amplify an input signal with a higher gain than their
own noise – pick low noise op amps
Specialty amplifiers are built-up combinations of op amps with
performance tailored to applications
High performance ADCs need high performance driver amplifiers to
obtain full accuracy
Differential amplifiers can pick off small signals from very high
common-mode voltages
New software and online design tools greatly simplify product
selection and system design
76
76. Design Resources Covered in this Session
Design Tools & Resources:
Ask technical questions and exchange ideas online in our
EngineerZone™ Support Community
Choose a technology area from the homepage:
ez.analog.com
Access the Design Conference community here:
www.analog.com/DC13community
77
Name Description URL
ADIsimOpamp On-line tool to select and configure op amps http://designtools.analog.
com/dtAPETWeb/dtAPET
Main.aspx
Diff Amp Calculator On-line tool to design differential amp circuits http://www.analog.com/en
/amplifier-linear-tools/adi-
diff-amp-calc/topic.html
Multisim SPICE Downloadable general purpose SPICE simulator http://www.analog.com/en
/amplifier-linear-
tools/multisim/topic.html
77. Tweet it out! @ADI_News #ADIDC13
[Circuit board pic here]
Visit the Current Monitor with 500 V Common-
Mode Voltage in the Exhibition Room
Circuit Features
500 V common mode
0.2% accuracy
Circuit Benefits
Minimal loading
Fast response
Inputs
Power shunt resistor
78
Target Applications Key Parts Used Interface/Connectivity
Metering and Energy
Monitoring
Motor and Power Control
AD8212
AD8605
AD7171
ADuM5402
Isolated
SPI
This demo board is available for purchase:
www.analog.com/DC13-hardware
78. Tweet it out! @ADI_News #ADIDC13
Visit the Weigh Scale Demo in the Exhibition
Room
79
Measure weights from
0.1 g to 2000 g
This demo board is available for purchase:
www.analog.com/DC13-hardware
SOFTWARE OUTPUT DISPLAY
EVAL-CN0216-SDPZ
SDP BOARD