Protected areas of nepal, National park , Wildlife reserve

1. A term paper on
DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO PROTECTED
AREAS OF NEPAL
(Term Paper on Wildlife and Protected Area Management “PWM 703”)
Presenter
Anand Jha
Roll: 04
M.Sc. forestry,1st yr.1st semester
Institute of Forestry,
Hetauda Campus, Hetauda
Nepal
1
Submitted to
Raghunath Lal karn
Module Co-ordinater, Wildlife and
Protected Area Management
Assistant professor,
Institute of Forestry,
Hetauda Campus, Hetauda,
Nepal

2. Outline of presentation
Introduction
Objective
Methodology
Finding and discussion
Conclusion
Recommendation
References

3. Introduction
An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance
of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and
managed through legal or other effective means.(IUCN 1994)
The term "protected area" also includes Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of
which will include some area of ocean, and Trans boundary Protected Areas that
overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for
conservation and economic purposes. (Acharya and Dhakal, 2012.)
Based on management objectives six different categories of protected area are
identified, one of which is subdivided into two parts. (Dudley and Stolton ,2008)
Ia: Strict nature reserve Ib: Wilderness area II: National park III: Natural
monument IV: Habitat/Species Management Area V: Protected
Landscape/Seascape VI: Managed Resource Protected Area

4. Management of PAs has gone through several major
phases since its inception in 1970s from species
conservation to ecosystem, integrated conservation
and development, at landscape and eco region levels.
In order to protect flora and fauna or biodiversity as a
whole, the government of Nepal has established 20
different types of protected areas. (GoN/MoFSC,
2014)
CONTD:
S.N Type of
Protected Area
N
o
Area covered
(Sq.km)
Percenta
ge
1 National Park 12 11,806.02 34.3
2 Wildlife Reserve 1 175 0.50
3 Hunting Reserve 1 1325 3.85
4 Conservation Area 6 15,425.95 44.82
5. Buffer Zone 13 5687.78 16.52
Total 34,419.75 100

5. Objective
To explore different management practices to protected areas
in Nepal

6. Methodology
Secondary data
• Different literatures, journals & thesis reports
• Other related materials from internet surfing

7. Comparison between management of Protected Areas in Nepal:
 Protected areas are considered as the most effective ways of conserving biodiversity (Balmford et
al., 1995) and are therefore fundamental in most conservation strategies (Hockings, 2003)
 IUCN has identified six different protected area categories, out of 6 categories category II, category
IV and category VI are applied for the management practice in Nepal.
 Distinguishing features of Category II
• Category II areas are typically large and conserve a functioning “ecosystem”, although to be able
to achieve this, the protected area may need to be complemented by sympathetic management in
surrounding areas.
• The area should be of sufficient size and ecological quality so as to maintain ecological functions
and processes that will allow the native species and communities to persist for the long term with
minimal management intervention.
• National Park are areas set aside for biodiversity, flora and fauna conservation, natural
environment and heritage conservation for the benefit of the present and future generation.
• 12 National parks
• National park without army : Makalu Barun National Park.
Finding and discussion

8. CONTD:
 Distinguishing features of Category IV
• Category IV protected areas are managed usually help to protect, or restore: Flora
species of international, national or local importance, Fauna species of international,
national or local importance including resident or migratory fauna and Habitats.
• However, as category IV protected areas often include fragments of an ecosystem,
these areas may not be self-sustaining and will require regular and active management
interventions to ensure the survival of specific habitats and/or to meet the requirements
of particular species. (Phillips, Adrian and Harrison,1997)
• Wildlife reserve : An area of land managed to conserve wildlife habitat.
• Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
• Hunting reserve: An Area of land where the pursuit and killing or capture of game
and wild animals is permitted.
• Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve

9.  Distinguishing features of Category VI
• Category VI protected areas, uniquely amongst the IUCN categories system, have the
sustainable use of natural resources as a means to achieve nature conservation, together
and in synergy with other actions more common to the other categories, such as
protection.
• Category VI protected areas aim to conserve ecosystems and habitats, together with
associated cultural values and natural resource management systems.
• The category is not designed to accommodate large-scale industrial harvest.
• Buffer zone serve as zones outside a protected area from which people can derive material or
economic benefit, but which also provide wildlife habitat and ecosystem services.
• 13 BZs
• Conservation area are areas set aside for conservation of natural environment and the
balanced use of natural resources through integrated management approach (integrated
conservation and development).
• 6 CAs
CONTD:

11. Preparation and implementation of species conservation plans :
• Species conservation action plans for Tiger, Rhino, Wild elephant, Snow
leopard, Redpanda, pangolin, Pheasant, Bengal florican, vulture and Gharial
have been prepared and implemented. Site basis Action plan for Blackbuck
has also come into force.
Controlling poaching and illegal trade in wild animal parts
• Effective implementation of anti-poaching plans and activities and
mobilization of the Central Investigation Bureau, Nepal Police to
control poaching and illegal trade of wildlife parts.
• More than 400 units of CBAPU are working in different regions of
the country, performing functions like joint patrols and animal
rescues.
• Government also took initiatives to enhance conservation initiatives
by strengthening cooperation with China and India, and forming
South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network for a coordinated regional
response to combat illegal wildlife poaching and trafficking.
CONTD:
Management Practice of Protected Areas in Nepal:

12. Increase in populations of important wildlife species
• Nepal has made a commitment to double its 2010 population of
tiger by 2022 (DNPWC, 2013).
• Huge leap from 2009 (235 from 120 Wild Bengal Tiger).
 Translocation of wild animals to new areas
• Translocation processes began in 1986 with the
translocation of rhino from Chitwan to Bardia National Park.
• Arna from Koshi Tappu WL to Chitwan NP
• Swamp deer from suklaphanta NP to Bardia NP
 Monitoring of wildlife populations
• Systematic monitoring of populations of some other wildlife
species, including snow leopard, gharial, blue sheep , guar
and swamp deer has been started since 2008 (WWF, 2012).
CONTD:

13. CONTD:
 Linking communities to benefits of protected areas
• The government handed over management responsibility of
Kangchanjunga Conservation Area to the local conservation
area management council in 2006 .
• With the implementation of the concept of buffer zone,
increasing availability of the forest products to the local
community, community development support, conservation
education programs, a positive environment has been
created
 Increased revenue from protected area tourism
• Revenue collected by this department in last year was Rs.
55,27,36,503. (DNPWC, 2018).
• The revenue from protected area based tourism increased
by 364 percent during 2004/2005-2011/2012 period
(DNPWC, 2012).

14. Challenge ??
Despite of cumulative efforts of Government of Nepal, local community and
NGO's, due to increase in the human population, development activities,
protected areas are facing a number of challenges.
Rescue and rehabilitate orphan and problematic animals
Invasive Alien species and Encroachment of forest
Dependency of local community on the protected areas for grass, wood,
grazing and other forest products have been a great challenge.
The extensive requirement of forest product from local community and
growing human-wildlife conflict sometimes cause conflict among protected
areas and local community.

15. Conclusion
• Site based conservation approaches were modified to landscape
level conservation and the concept of conservation for the people
was adopted .
• The role of local communities in nature conservation has changed
considerably along with the changing management paradigms of the
protected area system.
• For the effective management of protected area different practices
like preparation and implementation of species conservation plans,
translocation of key species, monitoring of wildlife population and
formation of CBAPU,SAWEN etc. have been implemented.

16. Recommendations
Every Category of Protected areas are different from one another so the
management practice applied must depends upon the surrounding
environment and objective behind managing that protected area.
Growing human wildlife conflict should be addressed properly.
Continued effort and new ways of solving problems is necessary in
order to continue to preserve Nepal’s significant wildlife and unique
protected areas.

17. References
• Acharya, K.P. and Dhakal, M. (eds.), 2012. Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal: A Success Story.
Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Babarmahal, Kathmandu.
• Bajracharya, S.B. and Dahal, N. (Edited) 2008. Shifting Paradigms in Protected Area
Management. NTNC, Kathmandu
• Dudley, N. (Editor) (2008). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories.
Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
• DNPWC,2018. Tiger Count 2018 Report. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal.
• DNPWC,2074. Protected areas of Nepal. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal.
• GoN/MoFSC, 2014. Nepal Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2014-2020. Government of
Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal.
• IUCN (1994); Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories, IUCN, Gland.

18. Any
Suggestions
Heartly
Welcome!!!