India has the largest area under sugarcane cultivation in the world. Sugarcane is mainly grown in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu which also have the highest production. There are three main species of sugarcane cultivated. The crop requires tropical conditions and does best with temperatures between 26-32°C and annual rainfall of 75-120cm. Proper soil preparation, variety selection, fertilizer application, weed control and irrigation are important management practices for optimal yields. Pests like early shoot borer and diseases like red rot require control measures. Harvesting involves cutting cane at ground level when maturity is reached based on brix levels.

3. INTRODUCTION
 The word saccharum derived from Sanskrit
word sarkara which mean sugar in India.
 Sugarcane is the main source of sugar in India
and holds prominent position as a cash crop
 India has the largest area under sugarcane in the
world and also ranks first in sugar production
 Sugar juice is used for making while sugar brown
sugar (khandsari) and jaggery (gur)
 Sugarcane is one of the main crop of earning
foreign exchange

4. AREAANDDISTRIBUTION
Area – India >Brazil>Cuba
Production – Brazil> India> China
Productivity – Peru(115t/ha)>Australia
Area & production in india –
Area – U.P.> M.H.>T.N.
Production – U.P.> M.H.>K.N.
Productivity – Tamil Nadu (99.3 t/hac.)

5. CLASSIFICATION
classified in three species :
 Saccharum officinarum (2n=80) -
 These are thick and juicy canes good for chewing
purpose also.
 High sugar content.
 Higher yield.
 Resistance to smut diseases.
 Susceptible to red rot and mosaic diseases.

6. Saccharum sinensis- (2n=82-124)
• It is known by Pansahi nargore and mungo groups in North-
eastern India.
Saccharum barberi - (2n=118)
•Stalk is thin and mature earlier it contain medium sugar
•It has poor yield .
•It is susceptible to smut diseases but resistance to red rot and
mosaic diseases .
Saccharum barberi(2n=118)

7. Botanical description
Root– the root system is
fibrous and consists of the two
types of roots namely sett roots
and shoot roots .
 Sett root – they emerge within
24 hours of planting.They are
fine and highly branched roots
which sustain the growing plant
in the first weeks after
germination .
 Shoot root –shoot roots are
second type of root which
emerge from the base of the
new shoots 5-7 days after
planting .

8. Stalk
 It is above ground portion of
the plant which bears leaves
and flower.
 A small portion of the stalk is
below ground which is called
as rootstock.
 At each node there is a bud
sometimes known as eye
appearing on opposite sides
of the cane.
 The stalk consist of segments
called joints
 Each joint is make up of a
node and an internode.

9. Leaves
 Divided into two parts
– sheath and blade
 The sheath is attached
to the stalk by a basal
ring and completely
clasps the stalk.
 The leaf blade is long,
flat, structure varying
from one to one and a
half meters in length
and 5-7 cm wide.

10. Inflorescence
 The inflorescence of a
sugarcane generally called
the “ Arrow”
 It is an open panicle flower
have both male and female
organs but not all produce
fertile pollen
 Sugarcane usually flower
at age of 10-12 month but
some varieties in north
India do not flower at all
cane produced from seed is
not so vigorous but this
important for breeders

11. Climatic requirement
 Sugarcane is a tropical plant temprature above
50°c arrest its growth those below 20°c slow it
down
 Low temperature reduces tillering
 Optimum temperature for it growth 26-32°c
 The crop does best in the tropical regions
receivning a rainfall of 75-120cm per annum
•Sugarcane is a tropical plant
temperature above 50°c arrest its
growth those below 20°c slow it down.
•Low temperature reduces tillering.
•Optimum temperature for it growth
26-32°c.
•The crop does best in the tropical
regions receiving a rainfall of 75-120
cm per annum.

12. Soil
 Sugarcane can be grown on all
types of soils ranging form sandy-
loam to clay-loam.
 Saline alkaline and acidic soils are
not at all suitable for this crop in
northern India.

13. Variety
 Co-0238(Karan-4) :- is a high yielding and high sugar content variety.
This variety was evolved at the sugarcane breeding institute, region
central karnal.
 Co-05011(Karan-9) :- It was released in 2012.
Yield – 82.47 tonne/hac.
Sucrose % - 18.00
Suitable for North-East zone.
 CoJ-64 :- Moderately resistance to red-rot, smut and grassy-shoot
disease.
Good ratooning ability.
 CoJ-8436 :- Early maturing and resistance to wilt.
It has a good tillering.
 UP-5929 :- Suitable for growing under water-logging condition of U.P.
Moderately resistance to red-rot, smut and wilt disease.

14. Cropping system
 Intercropping in autumn sugarcane
1. Autumn sugarcane + potato :- intercropping
of sugarcane and potato has been very
remunerative.
For raising sugarcane and potato together it
is necessary to plant cane at 90cm distance.
A dose of 75kg nitrogen /hac. is applied to
sugarcane crop after harvesting the potato.
2. Sugarcane + wheat
3. Sugarcane + toria

15.  Inter-cropping in spring sugarcane:
1) Sugarcane + mung (green-gram): In this
system sugarcane is planted in row 90cm a
part in the month of feb.
A dose of 75kg nitrogen/hac. applied at
planting.
2) Sugarcane + urd

16. Field preparation :-

 Sugarcane needs deep tillage.
 Shallow ploughing with local plough
limits the development of root system
in lodging of cane plants.
 Deep ploughing specially in heavy soils
helps in the root system penetrating
deep into the soils.

17. Seed & Sowing :
1)The top 1/3 to half portion of a Cane being
comparatively immature has buds of high
viability and is best for sowing.
2)Three budded 35000 – 40000 sett/hac. (75-809
qt.).
3) Selt should be treated with 0.5% solution of
Agellol or Areton.

18.  Time of planting :-
1) Autumn planting :
Planting in Oct. in North India.
2) Adsali planting :
Planting in June-July and takes
15-18 months for harvesting. It is commonly grown
in Maharashtra (South India).
3) Eksali or spring planting :
Planted in Jan - Feb and takes
about one year time for harvesting. It is commonly
growing in North India.

19. Method of planting :
 Flat planting :-
• It followed in North India.
• In this method shallow (8-10cm deep) furrows are
open with a local plough or cultivator at a distance
of 75-90 cm.
• There should be adequate moisture in the field at
time of planting.
• The setts are planted in them end to end.
• Furrow are covered with 5-7 cm soil.

20. Furrow planting
 In this method furrow`s are
made with a sugarcane ridger
about 10-15 cm in Noth India
and about 20 cm in South India.
 The furrow are covered with 5-6
cm soil leavening upper portion
of furrow unfiled.
 Immediately after covering the
setts water is late into furrow`s.
 This method is practiced in part
of East U.P. and particularly in
heavy soil.

22. Trench method :
 The trenches at a distance if
75-90 cm are dug with the help
of ridger or by manual labour .
 Trenches should be about
20-25 cm deep.
 The tractor – drawn sugarcane
planter is a very suitable device
for planting cane in trenches.
 Fertilizers (N:P:K) are spread
uniformly in the trenches and
mixed thoroughly in the soil.
 In the some coastal area as well as in the other area were
the crop grow very tall and the strong wind during rainy
season cause lodging of cane, trench method is adopted to
save the crop from lodging.

23. Manure and Fertilizer
 Heavy feeder crop but higher dose of
nitrogen during ripening stage decrease
sucrose content in maturing cane.
 Blanket application of nitrogen (120-150kg),
phosphorus (80kg), potash (60kg) .
 The best source of nitrogen in normal soil is
ammonium sulphate in saline soil is urea and
in acidic soil is use CAN.
 The excess nitrogen affected the quality of
juice and delays maturity.

24.  Weed control :-
In sugarcane weed have
been estimated to cause 12-72 % reduction
in the cane yield depending upon the
severity of infestation.
The sugarcane growth is very slow in the
initial stage. It take about 30-45 days to
complete germination and another 60-75
days for developing full canopy cover.
Weeds – Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon
dactylon, Sorghum halapense,
Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis,
Amaranthus viridis.

25. Chemical weed control :
Backbone of
sugarcane weed control – Atrazine or
Simazine @ 2-2.5kg a.i. / hac as pre-
emergence spray about 4-5 days after
planting.
Use both pre and post – 2,4-D is very
effective against broad leaf weed which
generally grow in autumn cane.
2,4-D @ 1kg a.i. / hac in 500-600 lit. water.
Blind hoeing – An important practice in
sugarcane, hoeing after planting and
before crop emergences for the purpose of
weed control.

26. WaterManagement
 For high yield, the seasonal crop
water requirement for sugarcane crop
were estimated at between 1100-1500
mm/hac.
 Furrow method of irrigation is most
common method of irrigation in
sugarcane.
 Under high temp., sucrose gets
converted into glucose and quality of
the produce become poor.

29. Earthing up:
 The first earthing up operation
is known partial earthing up and
the second / third operation is
known as Full earthing up.
 The partial earthing up is done
at 45 days after planting . In
partial earthing up little amount
of soil from either side of the
furrow is taken and placed
around the base of the shoot.
 Full earthing up is done after
120 days after planting
coinciding with the peak tiller
population stage.
Earthing up operation is also known as a hilling up.
This operation is carried out in 2 or 3 stage.

30. Ratooning
Ratooning is a practice of growing a
crop from the stubbles of previous
crop.
The main benefit of ratooning is that
the crop matures earlier in the season.
Ratooning can also decrease the cost
of the preparation the field and
planting.

31. Propping
:  The operations of
tying the leaves
together using the
bottom dry and
green leaves is
known as propping.
 It is primarily done
to check lodging of
cane.

33. Red Rot :
 Red rot appears in the July and
continuous to develop till
harvesting of the crop.
 In the initial stage loss of the
colour and withering of leaves.
 The disease tissue of stalk emit
alcoholic smell as the result of the
inversion causes by the pathogen.
It is most destructive disease of sugarcane.
It is cause by a fungus Collectotrichum falcatum.
Control :- Use the healthy cane setts.
Deep the setts in 0.25 % solution of mercurial compound
likeAgallol for 5 mint.
Rogue out and burn the disease canes.

34. Whip Smut :
 It is causes by Ustilago scitaminea.
 The smut affected cane in
generally content 10% less juice
then healthy cane.
 The disease appears in the form of
a long black whip like structure at
the apex of the stalk.
Control :-
Use only smut free canes for planting.
No ratoon should be keep were the the incidence of
disease is high.
Grow smut resistance variety.

35. These tiller bear pale yellow and
narrow leaves resembling grasses.
The internode of these tillers are
much reduce
Control :- The hot air treatment of
the seed can at 54°c for 8 hours.
Inactivate the casual virus of the
disease.

36. •Control
Rogue out the affected
tops of the cane and burn
them.
Select well drained filled
for cane planting.

37. Pathogen :- It is causes by
a Ratoon stunting virus.
The affected crop remains stunted
with short and thin cane.
The leaves are comparatively pale
and the root are poorly develop.
Control :-
The moist hot air treatment of cane
seed at 54°c and 99% R.H. 2-3 hours is
effective in destroying the casual virus.

39. Early shoot borer
 It attacks the young shoots of
4-10 weeks and produce dead
heart symptoms. On pulling
then dead heart come out
easily,
 The shoot borer caterpillar is
migratory in habit and after
killing one shoot borer it
migrate to another.
 A single caterpillar may
destroy 3-4 shoot before it
pupates .
 Shoot borer infestation is
high during pre monsoon
period (april-june).

40. Root borer
 Larvae damage by fiddling
the central tissues due to
which a characteristic dead
heart is produced.
 This pest is most active in dry
condition particularly in
month of may June
 Control-
1. irrigated the field in the
month of may June. this will
developed micro climate of
high humidity which is
determinate to the pest
2. spray 1.5 lit.of
monocrotophos 36EC in
600lt. Of water when egg or
moth are visible in the field

41. Pyrilla :
 Both nymph & adult suck the
sap from underside of the leaf.
 The feeding spots become
yellowish – white in colour.
 Pyrilla also secrets honey dew
which attracts black fungus.
 The fungus cover the entire leaf
which directly affected the
photosynthesis.
 The pest appears in April – may
again in Aug-sep.
Control :- Collected egg masses which are laid on lower
surface of the leaves and destroy them.
Spray Malathion 50 EC @ 1.25 lit./hac. In 1000 lit. of water.

43. Lygaeid or black bug :-
 The bug is about 10mm
in length.
 The black adult and
pink young nymph
suck the sap from the
leaf sheath.
Control :-
It ratoon is to be taken to be burn, the trash
after harvest.
Spray 1.5 lit. Monocrotophos 36 EC in 1000 lit./hac.

44. Maturity signs of sugarcane :
1. Generally yellowish colour of whole crop.
2. Breaking of cane at node region.
3. Metallic sound of cane when taped with finger
nail.
4. Sweetness of juice .
5. Brix saccharo-meter of hand refracto-meter
reading is the sure sign of maturity and it should
be between 2 brix.
6. For the matura1-24tion of cane fehling test
solution reading should be less than 0.5%
glucose.

45. JUICE BRIX :-
It is refers to the
to total solid content present in
juice express in percentage(%).
Brix cane be measured in the
field itself in the standing cane
crop using a hand Refracto-meter.

46. Harvesting

47. Harvesting :-
 To harvest the cane at peak maturity.
 Cutting cane to ground level so that the bottom
sugar rich internode are harvested which add to
yield and sugar.
 De-topping at appropriate height so that the top
immature internode are eliminated.
 Proper cleaning of the cane.

48. Yield :
 A good crop under good
management may yield about 800-
1000 qt./hac.
 The 18 month (adsali) crop in South
India specially in Maharashtra and
Tamilnadu, usally give a 1000-1200
qt. of cane / hac.