causes and cure

1. Healing Verse
Jeremiah 30:17
But I will restore you to
health and heal your
wounds declares the Lord

3. Presented By:
Andleeb SULTANA

4. Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as
diabetes mellitus, describes a group of
metabolic diseases in which the person has
high blood glucose (blood sugar), either
because insulin production is inadequate, or
because the body's cells do not respond
properly to insulin, or both.
DEFINITION

5. Q: Why is it called diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes comes from Greek, and it means a "siphon".
Aretus the Cappadocian, a Greek physician during the
second century A.D., named the condition diabainein.
In 1675, Thomas Willis added mellitus to the
term, although it is commonly referred to simply as
diabetes. Mel in Latin means "honey"

7. For 2,000 years diabetes has been recognized as a
devastating and deadly disease. In the first century A.D. a
Greek, Aretaeus, described the destructive nature of the
affliction which he named "diabetes" from the Greek
word for "siphon." Eugene J. Leopold in his text Aretaeus
the Cappodacian describes Aretaeus' diagnosis: "...For
fluids do not remain in the body, but use the body only as a
channel through which they may flow out. Life lasts only
for a time, but not very long.
For they urinate with pain and painful is the emaciation.
For no essential part of the drink is absorbed by the
body while great masses of the flesh are liquefied into
urine."

8. What Is Prediabetes?
The vast majority of patients with type 2 diabetes
initially had prediabetes. Their blood glucose levels
where higher than normal, but not high enough to
merit a diabetes diagnosis. The cells in the body are
becoming resistant to insulin.

9. TYPES OF DIABETES
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational Diabetes

12. TYPE 1 DIABETES

13. Type 1 Diabetes
The body does not produce insulin. Some people may
refer to this type as insulin-dependent diabetes,
juvenile diabetes, or early-onset diabetes. People
usually develop type 1 diabetes before their 40th
year, often in early adulthood or teenage years.
Approximately 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1.
Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take
insulin injections for the rest of their life.

15. Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a
metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia
(high blood sugar) in the context of insulin resistance and
relative lack of insulin.
Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes worldwide are of
this type.

17. Gestational Diabetes
This type affects females during pregnancy.
Some women have very high levels of glucose in their blood,
and their bodies are unable to produce enough insulin to
transport all of the glucose into their cells, resulting in
progressively rising levels of glucose.

18. Epidemiology

19. CAUSES

20. Causes
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce
enough insulin to maintain a normal blood glucose level, or
your body is unable to use the insulin that is produced.
In type 2 diabetes, there are several reasons why the pancreas
doesn't produce enough insulin.
The pancreas (a large gland behind the stomach) produces
the hormone insulin, which moves glucose from your blood
into your cells, where it is converted into energy.

21. In type 2 diabetes, there are several reasons why the pancreas
doesn't produce enough insulin.
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes
You are more likely to develop
type 2 diabetes if you:
are over 40 years old
have a relative with the
condition
are of South Asian, African-
Caribbean or Middle Eastern
origin
are overweight or obese

22. Age
Your risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with age.
This may be because people tend to gain weight and exercise
less as they get older. Maintaining a healthy weight through
a healthy, balanced diet and exercising regularly are ways of
preventing and managing diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes often develops in white people over the age of
40. People of South Asian, African, African-Caribbean and
Middle Eastern descent have an increased risk of developing
type 2 diabetes at a much earlier age.

23. Genetics
Genetics is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Your
risk is increased if you have a close relative, such as a parent,
brother or sister, who has the condition. The closer the relative,
the greater the risk.
A child who has a parent with type 2 diabetes has about a
one-in-three chance of also developing it

24. Beingoverweightorobese
If you are overweight or obese (you have a
body mass index of 30 or greater), you are at
greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
In particular, fat around your abdomen
(tummy) puts you at increased risk.
This is because it releases chemicals that can
upset the body's cardiovascular and metabolic
systems.
This then increases your risk of a
developing various conditions, including heart
disease, stroke and some types of cancer.

26. SYMPTOMS

27. Symptoms
The symptoms of type 2 diabetes due to high blood
sugar may include:
Diabetes is a serious disease that can cause debilitating
nerve pain.
•Increase thirst
•Increased hunger (especially after eating)
•Dry mouth
•Frequent urination
•Unexplained weight loss (even though you are eating
and feel hungry)
•Fatigue (weak, tired feeling)
•Blurred vision
•Headaches
•Loss of consciousness (rare)

29. Diagnosis
It is important for diabetes to be diagnosed early so
treatment can be started as soon as possible.
Tests
Urine and blood tests
Your urine sample will be tested for glucose. Urine doesn't
usually contain glucose, but if you have diabetes, glucose
can overflow through the kidneys and into your urine.
If your urine contains glucose, a specialised blood test
called a glucose tolerance test can be used to determine
whether you have diabetes.

31. Glucose tolerance test
A glucose tolerance test (GTT), also sometimes known as an oral
glucose tolerance test (OGTT), can show whether your body is
having problems processing glucose.
Prior to having the test, you will be asked not to eat or drink
certain fluids for 8-12 hours. You may also need to avoid taking
certain medications before the test because they may affect the
results. You will be advised about this.
Before the test, a blood sample is taken so your blood glucose
can be measured. You will then be given a sweet glucose drink.
After drinking the glucose drink, your blood glucose will be
measured again after two hours. As you'll have a long time to wait
between blood tests, it's a good idea to take something to read or
listen to.

34. Test results
After your glucose tolerance test is complete it should be possible to
determine whether you have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or
diabetes, based on the amount of glucose in your blood both before
and after drinking the glucose drink.
Blood glucose is measured in mill moles per liter, often written as
mmol/l.
For someone without diabetes, the amount of glucose in their blood
should be:
•less than 6 mmol/l before the test
•less than 7.8 mmol/l two hours after the test
If you have IGT, the amount of glucose in your blood will be:
•6-7 mmol/l before the test
•7.9-11 mmol/l two hours after the test
If you have diabetes, the amount of glucose in your blood will be:
•more than 7 mmol/l before the test
•more than 11 mmol/l two hours after the test

35. TREATMENT

36. Treatment
The goal of treatment at first is to lower your high blood
glucose levels. Long-term goals are to prevent problems
from diabetes.
The most important way to treat and manage type 2
diabetes is activity and nutrition.
MANAGINGBLOODSUGAR
Checking your blood sugar levels yourself and writing
down the results tells you how well you are managing your
diabetes.
To check your blood sugar level, you use a device called a
glucose meter. Usually, you prick your finger with a small
needle called a lancet. This gives you a tiny drop of blood.
You place the blood on a test strip and put the strip into
the meter. The meter gives you a reading that tells you the
level of your blood sugar.

38. Keepthesefactors in mind
Most people with type 2 diabetes only need to check their
blood sugar once or twice a day.
If your blood sugar level is under control, you may only
need to check it a few times a week.
You may test yourself when you wake up, before meals,
and at bedtime.
You may need to test more often when you are sick or
under stress.

40. DIET AND WEIGHT CONTROL
Work closely with your doctor, nurse, and dietitian to learn
how much fat, protein, and carbohydrates you need in your
diet. Your meal plans should fit your lifestyle and habits and
should include foods that you like.
Managing your weight and having a well-balanced diet are
important. Some people with type 2 diabetes can stop
taking medicines after losing weight. This does not mean
that their diabetes is cured. They still have diabetes.

41. DIET PLANFOR DIABETIC PATIENTS

44. REGULARPHYSICALACTIVITY
Regular activity is important for everyone. It is even more
important when you have diabetes. Reasons why exercise is
good for our health
Lowers your blood sugar level without medicine
Burns extra calories and fat to help manage your weight
Improves blood flow and blood pressure
Increases your energy level
Improves your ability to handle stress

45. People with type 2 diabetes may need to take special steps
before, during, and after physical activity or exercise.

47. MEDICATIONS TOTREAT DIABETES
If diet and exercise do not help keep your blood sugar at
normal or near-normal levels, your doctor may prescribe
medication. Since these drugs help lower your blood sugar
levels in different ways, your doctor may have you take
more than one drug.
Some of the most common types of medication are listed
below. They are taken by mouth or injection.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Biguanides
DPP IV inhibitors
Injectable medicines
Meglitinides
Sulfonylureas
Thiazolidinediones

48. PREVENTING COMPLICATIONS
Your doctor may prescribe medicines or other
treatments to reduce your chance of developing eye
disease, kidney disease, and other conditions that are
common in people with diabetes. These conditions are
called complications of diabetes.
FOOT CARE
People with diabetes are more likely than those without
diabetes to have foot problems. Diabetes damages
the nerves. This can make you less able to feel pressure
on the foot. You may not notice a foot injury until you get
a severe infection.

50. To prevent problems with your feet:
Stop smoking if you smoke.
Improve control of your blood sugar.
Get a foot exam by your health care provider at least twice
a year.
Check and care for your feet every day. This is very
important when you already have nerve or blood vessel
damage or foot problems.
Make sure you wear the right kind of shoes. Ask your
health care provider what is right for you.

51. What are pancreatic islets?
Pancreatic islets, also called islets of Langerhans, are tiny
clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas.
The pancreas is an organ about the size of a hand located
behind the lower part of the stomach.
Pancreatic islets contain several types of cells, including beta
cells, that produce the hormone insulin.
The pancreas also makes enzymes that help the body digest
and use food.

53. Pancreatic islets contain several types of cells, including beta
cells, that produce the hormone insulin.
When the level of blood glucose, also called blood sugar, rises
after a meal, the pancreas responds by releasing insulin into
the bloodstream.
Insulin helps cells throughout the body absorb glucose from
the bloodstream and use it for energy.

54. What is pancreatic islet transplantation?
The two types of pancreatic islet transplantation are
allo-transplantation
auto-transplantation

55. Pancreatic islet allo-transplantation is a procedure in which
islets from the pancreas of a deceased organ donor are
purified, processed, and transferred into another person.
Pancreaticislet allo-transplantation:

56. Pancreaticislet auto-transplantation:
Pancreatic islet auto-transplantation is performed following
total pancreatectomy—the surgical removal of the whole
pancreas—in patients with severe and chronic, or long
lasting, pancreatitis that cannot be managed by other
treatments. This procedure is not considered experimental.

57. "Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol". International Diabetes Federation. 17 March
2006.
"About diabetes". World Health Organization. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
"Diabetes Fact sheet N°312". WHO. October 2013. Retrieved 25 March
2014.
REFERENCES