Earth observation for oil and gas
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This is my presentation given at the ESRI PUG in London on 2nd November 2016. For more information please visit https://uk.linkedin.com/in/andrewcutts
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Earth observation for oil and gas
- 1. Earth Observation for Oil and Gas Andrew Cutts Director @ACGeospatial working in partnership with EPI Ltd Consultant GIS and EO Specialist
- 2. Some ‘things’ to think about • There is an impending data deluge of Earth Observation data • The shift is in data (amount) not in machine learning, but there is growing interest in ‘deep learning’ within the space sector • EO data is becoming cheaper So • Are we missing an opportunity?
- 7. “Data prices have decreased. Perhaps the most dramatic price plunge is for Landsat TM data. In the 1990s, the price was $4,400 per scene. Today, it is $600.” (World Oil 2002).
- 11. There are 225 challenges identified in EO4OG
- 13. • Agricultural land & status • Asset monitoring • Building inventory • Coastline monitoring • CO2 • Critical habitat mapping • Elevation • Encroachment monitoring • Engineering geology evaluation • Erosion potential mapping • Faults and discontinuities • Fault identification and reactivation • Flood extent • Floodplain mapping and flood risk assessment • Forest above ground biomass estimations • Forest fire and risk mapping • Geomorphology map • Historical surface deformation • Hydrocarbon seep detection • Hydrological network and catchment area • Infrastructure planning and monitoring • Land cover and land cover change characterisation • Land use and land use change characterisation • Linear disturbance features • Lithology and surficial geology mapping • Mapping and prediction of near surface features • Methane emission monitoring • NO2 and SO2 • Oil spill sensitvity mapping • Particulate matter • Permafrost zone stability • Pipeline corridor status • Reservoir compartmentalisation • Reservoir management and optimisation • River / Lake ice • Seismic coupling risk map • Seismic logistics operation map and base camp mapping • Slope, curvature, aspect • Slope stability • Soft ground • Soil sealing • Structural geology • Surface deformation monitoring • Surface soil moisture and soil water index • Terrain roughness • Transport network & road status • Tree cover density • Tree height • Urban and settlement map • UXO hazard and risk mapping • Vegetation / forest type • Vegetation stress and degradation • Water body extent • Water body nutrient / productivity • Water body temperature • Water body volume/bathymetry • Wet areas 57 potential onshore products
- 14. The edge of Geography “predicting retailer profits by counting the number of cars in store parking lots, and monitoring construction and manufacturing rates in China… [the] multibillion-dollar potential of geospatial big data is only just being unlocked.”
- 15. Fort McMurray 6th May 2016
- 16. 28 boats / objects found in search area Total object count 381. Histogram shows majority of small boats (image is from summer)
- 19. The case for EO data - Three reasons • We have never had so much data so readily available to us and the cost of this data is decreasing. • The information available in the EO4OG project • The fundamental change from running on GPUs instead of CPUs added to the evolution of deep learning and neural networks on image recognition and classification.
Notas del editor
- So some things to think about today. There is an impending data deluge of Earth Observation data, and while there is an increase in interest in machine and deep learning (and I am going to talk about that) the main shift is in the amount of data that is available to us. And with this data deluge enviably data is getting cheaper. So the question is why is Earth Observation data not more as widely used in the Petroleum sector, especially in the GIS field, are we missing an opportunity here? I hope in this talk to highlight the scale of change in data available as well as how this data can be used today and finally touch on what I am terming the ‘edge of Geography’. Really Earth Observation data should be a more attractive proposition than ever before. And its this that I want to explore.
- TerraBella owned by Google, formally skybox, launched 4 SkySat’s meaning they now have 7 in orbit, Peru Sat was also onboard the rocket that carried them. Airbus relived they have another 4 satellites planned to succeed there high resolution Pleiades satellites currently in orbit. Planet (formally planet labs) launched 8 of its doves from the space station. This all happened in September.
- Oh and it would have been even more if Digital Globe had managed to launched worldview-4 if it had not been affected by the fires at Vandenburg Air Force Base. They are even using WorldView-3 to measure the extent of the damage and risk to their launch – well its obvious isn’t it. It is worth repeating we are faced with a deluge of data.
- Euroconsult are anticipating that 145 satellites with launch mass over 50kg will be launched on average each year by 2025. This means 1,450 satellites are predicted to be launched over the next decade representing a market of $250 billion for the space industry to build and launch. A price decrease is visible in this core market of the industry. This marries with 163 satellites (>50kg) that were launched for civil and commercial Earth observation (excluding meteorology) over 2006-2015. Terrabotics are predicting that by 2025 the price of high resolution satellite data will have fallen by 2 orders of magnitude. The way we are able to consume data is changing. Instead of accepting conditions relating to cloud cover and acquisition windows hopefully we will be able to ask suppliers the question the first one to deliver an image over this area that is cloud free (or close enough for our needs) gets the job. All these advances, planet labs launching doves from the international space station (so small they fit into a shoe box) – worldview-4 on launch weighed 2,485 kg. The challenges that are being overcome in terms of operational life, communications and design. And how is this reported in the Media?
- We can now count the number of Subway Footlong subs from space! What out world, we have million dollar solutions to all your arithmetic sandwich related problems, eat them in a shop I say don’t be counted! Some of the comments are overwhelmingly negative - “big brother is watching you” & “bet it can’t find a missing plane” Ok so I am being dismissive of the very real issue of the right to privacy. It will take much education and hand holding to show the public that this technology is an enabler to us living safer, healthier happier lives. I’ve spent a bit of time talking about the timeline for high resolution imagery and that unquestionably there is going to be more of this data in the future. But what about the other end? Lower resolution imagery are undergoing a step change as well, this time the move is to make the data available to everyone for free.
- World Oil in 2002 wrote an article entitled “Remote sensing and GIS enable future exploration success”, dig it up if you get the chance. There is a justification that Landsat TM data at $600 per scene was now worth the investment and would deliver value for money. The article goes on to talk about “the most important trend is the growing tie between remote sensing and GIS. The only way to exploit the information extracted from remote sensing data is with a GIS system.” Then (as in 2002) is still the case for now GIS represents the natural home for Earth Observation Data.
- The USGS published an article on the Landsat program stating that it is “a stunning return on public investment”. The accessibility for this data has dramatically increased, earth explorer is bulging with scene after scene of Earth Observation data. Landsat 8 captures over 725 images a day the USGS makes them available to users in less than 8 h post acquisition. This exceeds design requirement by an astonishing 55%. The Landsat advisory group surveyed non federal users and what did they report? “86% believe that a revisit time of < 10 days would be optimal” Wow they don’t want much do they? What are they going to do, Landsat 9 is now fully funded and is essentially the mirror copy of Landsat 8 and they are going to launch it somewhere around 2023 and put it in an orbit that when the 2 satellites are combined the revisit time will be 8 days (assuming they are both operational).
- I haven’t even mentioned the Sentinels that are being sent up by the European Space Agency, Sentinel-2a is up and acquiring data today at a 10m spatial resolution and Sentinel-2b is due to be launched 2017. 2a is imaging the earth every 10 days, once 2b is up they will cover each part of the earth’s surface every 5 days. And its all free. Lets talk about spectral resolution briefly, up until relatively recently this slide commonly had Landsat 7 ETM on it and part of the sensor failed in 2003, you can still use it and correct for the banding but its not optimal. Today a huge range of wavelengths are being covered, from the visible light (and now there is a coastal blue band) to look for correlation in water depths (in low turbidity water) through to near infrared – good for vegetation, mid infrared good for soil moisture (and vegetation), to far infrared for identification of silicates, clays and geological features, thermal good for geological features or anything with a thermal gradient. Plus radar data Sentinel-1a and b.
- How can this data be used for Oil and Gas? In 2014 the European Space Agency (ESA) and the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) funded a project called the EO4OG (Earth Observation for Oil and Gas). The aim was to “to undertake a comprehensive study of the geo-information needs of the O&G sector and what EO services / products could help meet those needs”. The study was about bridging the gaps, asking what can it do for me vs what do you need. The projects first of all identified a total of 225 challenges faced by the industry where there is a potential for EO data to play a role in providing a solution. This led to the definition of 94 products. Finally 19 cases or examples showing where some of these products have been successfully applied with the O&G industry. This EO4OG web-site was put together by EARSC following the results of the projects and presenting the information in a structured way across all 4 projects.
- 225 challenges were identified across both onshore and offshore. My focus is primarily onshore. The onshore was broken down into 5 sub groups, Seismic Planning, Surface Geology Mapping, Subsidence Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring and Logistics. Here for example is Seismic Planning, within each section there are subsections, in this case Areas of Poor Coupling with the surface, Terrain based movement problems and environmentally sensitive areas. You have the ability to drill down into each challenge, and find out information about who first described the challenge, a detailed description of that challenge, the effect of the challenge, what is currently done to address that challenge and how an EO product could help address the challenge.
- An example – OTM-051 Identification of fault lines Clicking on the identification of fault lines you will be taken to a detailed description of the challenge. “Identification of geological features can give reasonable and early indications of likely reservoir locations. These are more easily seen in clear or deserted regions but areas of forested / agricultural land where the surface is covered or artificially modified, it is difficult to see these”. Each challenge contains comprehensive information about the Challenge and the current ways of addressing it, plus a challenge classification and known restrictions. Relevant products that help address the challenge are also listed on a separate tab. In this example Elevation Fault Identification Faults and discontinuities Floodplain mapping and flood risk assessment Reservoir optimization Slope Surface Deformation Surface Deformation Monitoring Terrain Roughness If you click on Faults and discontinuities, you will be taken to a product sheet (https://earsc-portal.eu/display/EOSTAN/Product+Sheet%3A+Faults+and+discontinuities). This provides a clear overview of uses, geoinformation requirements, description, limitations/restrictions and coverage. It also will reconnect back to any challenge that this product addresses. Finally, in the product sheet you will get information about how to create a faults and discontinuities map, the data sources, the spatial resolution, the minimum mapping unit, accuracy & constraints, frequency, availability and output format. These product sheets were based on a light version of the Document Requirements Definition (DRD) set out by EARSC.
- Just for the onshore part of the project 57 potential products were identified. That is effectively 57 valueable data sets / layers to integrate into your GIS system. It is likely that you will not have a requirement for all these data layers, but the project tells you not only what layers can be created using EO data (some of which is freely available and some of which you may already be using for various other activities – background mapping perhaps), but also a whole list of detailed information such as Data inputs, spatial resolution, minimum mapping units, accuracy/contriants, frequency, available, output formats
- What is today’s edge of Geography?
- By the morning of Friday 6th May 2016 88,000 people had left there homes as a result of 4 days of wildfire in Fort McMurray. Terrabotics became the first company to report the number of damaged structures in the area to the insurance companies, which in return, helped to speed up the insurance claims process for Fort Mac residents. “They were so fast, that some almost didn’t believe our numbers,” says Dan. “Our rapid mapping was described by one client as an ‘invaluable tool considering the scope and nature of the events in Fort McMurray.’”