AP Bio Andrew Shaw Unit 5

1. Visual Vocab
Unit 5
Andrew Shaw
AP Bio 5th

2. Codon
 Sequences of
three
nucleotides
 DNAsequence
chromatogram. 3 of the
bases equal one codon.

3. Elongation
A cycle in which
the polypeptide is
elongated by 1
amino acid per
cycle.
 Elongation
adds 1
amino acid

4. Exon
 Exonsare the DNA
bases that are
transcribed into
mRNA and
 Exonsare the
eventually code for
bases being
amino acids in the
copied
proteins

5. Frame Shift Mutation
a genetic mutation
caused by indels
(insertions or
deletions) of a
number of
nucleotides that is
not evenly divisible
by three from a
DNA sequence  Sickle cell anemia is
caused by a frame
shift mutation

6. Helicase
 Theyare motor
proteins that move
directionally along
a nucleic acid
phosphodiester
backbone, separat
ing two nucleic
acid strands
Does this count…

7. Initiation
 Initiation involves
the small subunit of
the ribosome
binding to the 5'
end of mRNA with
the help of
initiation factors
(IF).  Initiator
proteins
break the bonds
between the base
pairs

8. Intron
 Long segments of
nucleotides that
have no coding
information
 Sequence of human
T intron 7 DNA

9. Ligase
 an enzyme that
can catalyse the
joining of two large
molecules by
forming a new
chemical bond
 DNA “glue”

10. Missense Mutation
a point mutation in
which a single
nucleotide is
changed, resulting
in a codon that
codes for a
different amino  this can render the resulting
acid[ protein nonfunctional. Such
mutations are responsible
for diseases such as
Epidermolysis bullosa

11. mRNA
 a molecule of RNA
that encodes a
chemical "blueprint"
for a protein
product. mRNA is
transcribed from a
DNA template, and
carries coding
information to the
sites of protein
synthesis  RNA Protein
Synthesis Model

12. Mutagens
 is a physical or
chemical agent that
changes the genetic
material, usually
DNA, of an organism
and thus increases
the frequency of
mutations above the
 The
Teenage
natural background
level. Mutant Ninja Turtles
were mutated by a
mutagen

13. Nonsense Mutation
 pointmutation in a
sequence of DNA
that results in a
premature stop
codon
 Sickle
cell anemia
is caused by a
nonsense mutation

14. Nuclease
 anenzyme
capable of
cleaving the
phosphodiester
bonds between
the nucleotide
 The enzyme DNA
subunits of nucleic
nuclease checks
acids
all the pairs in the
DNA chain for any
mistakes

15. Point Mutation
a type of mutation
that causes the
replacement of a
single base
nucleotide with
another nucleotide
of the genetic
material,

16. Polymerases
 primary function of
a polymerase is the
polymerization of
new DNA or RNA
against an existing
DNA or RNA
template in the
processes of
replication and  RNA Polymerase
transcription.

17. Polyribosomes
a cluster of
ribosomes linked
together by a
molecule of
messenger RNA
and forming the
site of protein
synthesis

18. Primary Transcript
 an RNA molecule
that has not yet
undergone any
modification after
its synthesis

19. Primase
 anenzyme
involved in the
replication of DNA

20. Promotor
a region of DNA
that facilitates the
transcription of a
particular gene

21. Redundancy(in DNA)
 DNAthat contains
repeated
sequences at each
end called terminal
repeats

22. Replication
 biologicalprocess
that occurs in all
living organisms
and copies their
DNA

23. Semiconservative model
 themechanism by
which DNA is
replicated in all
known cells.

24. Spliceosome
a complex of
snRNA and protein
subunits that
removes introns
from a transcribed
pre-mRNA (hnRNA)
segment

25. TATA Box
 isa DNA sequence
that indicates the
point at which a
genetic sequence
can be read and
decoded.

26. Telomerase
a
ribonucleoprotein
that is an enzyme
which adds DNA
sequence repeats

27. Termination
 Eukaryotes initiate
DNA replication at
multiple points in
the
chromosome, so
replication forks
meet and
terminate at many
points in the
chromosome

28. Terminator
 sectionof genetic
sequence that
marks the end of
gene or operon on
genomic DNA for
transcription.

29. Transcription
 Transcription
is the
process of creating
a complementary
RNA copy of a
sequence of DNA

30. Transcription Factors
 is a protein that
binds to specific
DNA
sequences, thereb
y controlling the
flow (or
transcription) of
genetic
information from
DNA to mRNA

31. Translation
 the
cell uses
messenger RNA to
produce proteins

32. Translocation
 Chromosomal
translocation, that
is a chromosomal
segment is moved
from one position
to another, either
within the same
chromosome or to
another
chromosome.

33. Transformation
 the genetic
alteration of a cell
resulting from the
direct
uptake, incorporatio
n and expression of
exogenous genetic
material (exogenous
DNA) from its
surroundings and
taken up through the
cell membrane

34. tRNA
 an adaptor
molecule composed
of RNA, typically 73
to 93 nucleotides in
length, that is used in
biology to bridge the
four-letter genetic
code (ATCG) in
messenger RNA

35. Wobble
a non-Watson-
Crick base pairing
between two
nucleotides in RNA
molecules