History of Optical Disc Technology

Compact Disc CD-ROM logo modified from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/32/CDlogo.svg. CD image from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Compact_disc.svg

Background
• There remains a
considerable amount
of controversy over
the identity of the
single inventor of
optical media.
• However, two
inventors are typically
credited with their
development.

Background
• David Paul Gregg
• Developed optical
“transparent records”
• Gregg’s records utilized
lasers to read and write the
information.
• Founded a company known
as Gauss Electrophysics, Inc.
in 1965
• This company was purchased
in 1968 by MCA, Inc.
• In 1978, MCA released
“DiscoVision”, the first
commercial optical disc (later
known as Laserdisc).
http://www.digicammuseum.com/images/gregg.jpg

Background
• James T. Russell
• Worked at General
Electric during the fifties
and early sixties.
• Worked at Battelle
developing an optical
data-storage during late
sixties and early
seventies.
• Russell used a laser (or
an arc lamp) to write data,
and used light to read
data.
• He wanted to create a
medium that wouldn’t
degrade when played.
• The technology was sold
to Optical Recording Corp.
in the early eighties.
http://history-
computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/images/Jame
s-T-Russell.jpg

Background
• Around 1974, both Philips and
Sony began improving upon
the technology pioneered by
Gregg and Russell.
• In 1979, the companies began
collaboration in order to
develop a standard for the
new optical disc.
• In 1980, Philips and Sony
finalized the standards for the
first kind of Compact Disc, the
Compact Disc digital audio
(CD-DA).
• This standard is often referred
to as the “Red book” standard.
• In 1982, Sony began
producing CD-DAs.
http://www.viruete.com/articulos/2005/fotosarticulos/Laserdisc/laserdisc_cd.jpg

“Colored Book” Standards
• Red Book (1980)
• CD-DA
• Green Book (1986)
• CD – Interactive (CD-i)
• Yellow Book (1988-1991)
• CD Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)
• CD-ROM eXtended Architecture (CD-ROM XA)
• Orange Book (1990)
• Recordable CD (CD-R)
• Rewritable CD (CD-RW)
• White Book (1993-1998)
• Video CD (VCD)
• Super VCD
• Blue book (1995)
• Enhanced CD (E-CD)
• Scarlet book (1999)
• Super Audio CD (SACD)
• Purple Book (2000)
• Double-Density CD (DDCD)

Mechanism
• CD-ROMs have 4 main
layers:
• Polycarbonate
• Aluminum
• Plastic
• Label
• All CDs contain data in
the form of “pits” and
“flats” on the surface of
the polycarbonate disc.
• Each transition from pit
to flat represents a “1”.
Other areas are
represented as “0”.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/CD_layers.svg

Mechanism
• Manufacturing
• CD-ROMs are
generally made by
filling metal molds
with plastic.
• These molds contain
the “inverse” of the
pits and flats found on
the final CD-ROM.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afm_cd-rom.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Afm_cd-rom.jpg

Mechanism
• Reading
• CD-ROM drives read discs using a laser.
• As the disc spins, the laser moves
radially outward, and the disc spins more
slowly.
• The laser shines through a lens,
increasing its width.
• The light passes through a polarizing
prism.
• The light passes through a quarter-wave
plate.
• The light is refocused onto the
polycarbonate surface.
• If the light hits the edge of a pit, it is
reflected in such a way that it passed
back through the outer lens, increasing
its width.
• The light passes back through the
quarter-wave plate.
• The light passes through the prism,
causing the light to refract.
• The light passes through another lens,
focusing the light on the photocell.
• If the light does not hit the edge of the
pit, then the light simply scatters off of
the disc.
Modified from
http://www.research.philips.com/technologies/projects/cd/images/laser.jpg

Impact
• CD-ROMs improved the ability of software
companies to distribute new software,
replacing the earlier 3 ½ inch floppy disks.
• This reduced manufacturing costs, and saved
time for consumers, as only one CD-ROM was
generally needed to install software. Prior to
the CD-ROM, a number of floppy disks were
often required to install software.
• CD-ROM (and CD in general) was the basis for
later optical media technologies, such as the
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD).

DVD Logo modified from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Dvd-video-logo.svg. DVD image modified from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/DVD-Video_bottom-side.jpg

Background
• In 1994, several
companies announced
the development of a
technology that would
supersede the
Compact Disc and
Laserdisc formats.
• The intended
successor to the
CD/LD would be known
as a Digital Versatile
Disc (DVD).
Modified from
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab
/LDDVDComparison-mod.png

Background
• Sony and Philips
partnered again to create
a DVD standard using
their own “Multimedia
CD” (MMCD) technology.
• The disc was
macroscopically identical
to the CD.
• This disc required the use
of a laser with a higher
frequency than that of the
lasers used to read CDs
and LDs.
• The disc could also use
dual layers.
• It had a maximum capacity
of 7.4 GB.
Based on http://www.trademarkia.com/logo-
images/sony-corporation/mmcd-player-software-
74301514.jpg

Background
• Meanwhile, Time
Warner and Toshiba
worked together to
create their own DVD
standard.
• This disc was double-
sided, much like many
LDs.
• The disc was also
noticeably thinner
than the CD.
• It had a maximum
capacity of 10 GB.
http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/1995_11/imgdat/img0702.gif

Background
• The Time
Warner/Toshiba model
seemed to be the
superior standard at the
time.
• It appealed to many movie
companies as a result of
its focus on their needs.
• The Time Warner/Toshiba
model was soon backed
by
• Matsushita (Panasonic)
• Thomson (Technicolor)
• Hitachi
• Pioneer
• MCA
• MGM
http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/1995_11/imgdat/img0701.gif

Background
• In 1995, Toshiba revised
their DVD standard,
yielding the Super Density
Disc (SD) DVD standard.
• This disc had double-layer
technology comparable to
the MMCD Model.
• Soon after this revision, a
number of companies
boycotted the competition
between the formats. These
companies included
• Apple
• Microsoft
• Fujitsu
• HP
• IBM
Based on http://home.online.no/~espen-b/mpeg/sd_logo.gif

Background
• As a result of the boycott,
Sony and Philips agreed to
compromise with Time
Warner, Toshiba, and their
supporters.
• The new merged specification
used the physical structure of
the SD, but used MMCD’s
encoding method.
• It was known as DVD Read-
Only Memory (DVD-ROM)
• DVD-Video, the main
application of read-only DVDs,
was released to the public
around late 1996 to 1997.
Modified from
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/DVD-
ROM_Logo.svg

DVD Standards
• DVD Books
• Read-Only Books
• DVD-ROM
• DVD-Video
• DVD-Audio
• Enhanced DVD (DVD-ENAV)
• Recordable Books
• Recordable DVD (DVD-R)
• DVD-R for Authoring
• DVD-R for General Media (DVD-R for General)
• DVD-R for Dual Layer (DVD-R for DL)
• Download Books
• DVD-Download
• DVD-Download for Dual Layer (DVD-Download for DL)
• Rewritable Books
• DVD Random Access Memory (DVD-RAM)
• Re-recordable Books
• Rewritable DVD (DVD-RW)
• DVD-RW for Dual Layer (DVD-RW for DL)
• DVD-RAM/DVD-RW/DVD-R for General Books
• DVD Video Recording (DVD-VR)
• DVD Audio Recording (DVD-AR)
• DVD Stream Recording (DVD-SR)
• DVD Professional Audio Recording (DVD-PAR)
• DVD+RW Alliance Standards
• DVD+RW
• DVD+R
• DVD+R Dual Layer (DVD+R DL)

Mechanism
• The mechanism by which
DVD-ROMs work is
mostly identical the that
of CD-ROMs.
• However, there are some
important differences.
• DVD-ROMs are often
dual layered, making the
structure as follows
• Polycarbonate
• Semi-transparent metal
• Polycarbonate
• Opaque metal
• Plastic
• Label
Modified from

Mechanism
• The spacing between
the tracks of pits
(referred to as the
“pitch”) on DVDs is
considerably smaller
than the pitch on
most CDs.
• The pits themselves
are also smaller.
Based on
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/DVD_CD
_pits.PNG

Mechanism: DVD-R
• Like a recordable CD,
recordable DVDs use
organic dye to store
the data instead of
molded
polycarbonate.
• DVD burners must
shine a specific
wavelength of light on
the dye in order to
create a pit.
Modified from

Mechanism: DVD-RW
• DVD-RW is also very
similar to its CD
counterpart.
• The disc uses a layer of
compound that can
become either crystalline
or amorphous depending
on the temperature at
which it begins to cool.
• This layer is positioned
between two dielectric
layers which help to cool
the layer of compound.
Modified from

Mechanism: DVD-RW Writing
• DVD-RW writers have
3 laser modes
• High power – Writes
data to the DVD by
changing the compound
to its non-crystalline
form
• Medium power – Erases
data by causing the
compound to reform its
crystalline structure.
• Low power – Reads data
without changing
structure.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Dvd-
burning-cutaway3.JPG

Impact
• DVDs almost completely replaced Video Home
System (VHS), the previously dominant
technology for video recording and playback.
• DVDs also outcompeted similar video optical
disc technologies of the time, such as LD and
VCD.
• DVDs facilitated the release of larger software
(often times video games), which would have
normally required multiple CDs.
• DVDs led the way for newer technology, such
as the HDDVD and BluRay disc.

Blu-ray disc symbol modified from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Blu-ray_Disc.svg. Blu-ray player modified from
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Toshiba_BDX_2250_Wi-Fi_Blu-ray_Disc_Player.jpg

Background
• In the case of the Blu-
Ray player, the limiting
factor for the
development of the
technology was
availability of a laser
diode with a high enough
frequency to read smaller
pits.
• The blue-violet laser
diode used for Blu-Ray
players was developed
by Shuji Nakamura at the
University of South
Carolina Beaufort. https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8183/8450321852_577d352498_b.jpg

Background
• Around 2000, Sony
and Pioneer
Electronics began
working on a new
project based on
Nakamura’s
technology.
• This new optical disc
was known as “DVR
Blue”
http://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/article/20010627/strage7.jpg

Background
• In 2002, Sony and several other
companies announced plans to
create the Blu-Ray Disc as a
successor to the DVD. These
companies included:
• Hitachi
• LG
• Pioneer
• Philips
• Samsung
• Sharp
• Later that year, Toshiba and NEC
announced plans for the
Advanced Optical Disc (AOD), a
competing format intended to be
part of the DVD line.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/
e9/Hddvdback.png

Background
• In 2003, the first Blu-
Ray recorder was
released.
• It was very unpopular
due to its high price and
the lack of a standard
for video on Blu-Ray.
• Around 2004, Toshiba
renamed its AOD
product to HD DVD,
and its status as part of
the DVD line was
confirmed.
Modified from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/HD-DVD.svg

Background
• In early 2006, the first
commercial HD DVD
player was released.
• A few months later,
several Blu-Ray disc
players were
released.
• This included the
PlayStation 3, which
played an important
role in popularizing
the Blu-Ray format.
Modified from
http://s1.dlnws.com/files/Screen_Shot_2013_04_05_at_3_33
_15_PM.png

Background
• In 2007, dual-format
(HD DVD + Blu-Ray
Disc) players were
released.
• In 2008, Netflix, Best
Buy, and Walmart
stopped making HD
DVD available through
their services/stores.
• Shortly thereafter,
Toshiba “surrendered”
to Blu-ray Disc.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/BluRayDiscBack.png

Affiliation Timeline - 2002
Blu-Ray Disc
• Hitachi
• JVC
• LG
• Philips
• Pioneer
• Samsung
• Sharp
• Sony
HD DVD
• NEC
• Toshiba

Blu-Ray Disc
• Hitachi
• JVC
• LG
• Mitsubishi
• Philips
• Pioneer
• Samsung
• Sharp
• Sony
HD DVD
• NEC
• Toshiba

Blu-Ray Disc
• Dell
• Disney
• Hewlett-Packard
• Hitachi
• JVC
• LG
• Mitsubishi
• Philips
• Pioneer
• Samsung
• Sharp
• Sony
HD DVD
• HBO
• NEC
• New Line Cinema
• Paramount Pictures
• Toshiba
• Universal Pictures
• Warner Bros. Pictures

Blu-Ray Disc
• Dell
• Disney
• Hewlett-Packard
• Hitachi
• JVC
• LG
• Lions Gate Home Entertainment
• Mitsubishi
• Philips
• Pioneer
• Samsung
• Sharp
• Sony
• Universal Music Group
HD DVD
• HBO
• Hewlett-Packard
• Intel
• NEC
• Microsoft
• New Line Cinema
• Toshiba

Blu-Ray Disc
• Dell
• Disney
• Hewlett-Packard
• Hitachi
• JVC
• LG
• Mitsubishi
• Philips
• Pioneer
• Samsung
• Sharp
• Sony
HD DVD
• HBO
• Hewlett-Packard
• Intel
• LG
• NEC
• Microsoft
• New Line Cinema
• Toshiba

Blu-Ray Disc
• Dell
• Disney
• Hewlett-Packard
• Hitachi
• JVC
• LG
• Mitsubishi
• Philips
• Pioneer
• Samsung
• Sharp
• Sony
HD DVD
• Dreamworks Animation
• HBO
• Hewlett-Packard
• Intel
• LG
• NEC
• Microsoft
• New Line Cinema
• Toshiba

Affiliation Timeline – 2008
Blu-Ray Disc
• Dell
• Disney
• Hewlett-Packard
• Hitachi
• JVC
• LG
• Mitsubishi
• Philips
• Pioneer
• Samsung
• Sharp
• Sony
HD DVD
• Dreamworks Animation
• HBO
• Hewlett-Packard
• Intel
• LG
• NEC
• Microsoft
• New Line Cinema
• Toshiba

Blu-Ray Standards
• Blu-Ray Disk
Association Books
• Blu-Ray Disc
Readable/Erasable
(BD-RE) (2002-2010)
• Blu-Ray Disc Read-
Only Memory (BD-
ROM) (2004-2011)
• Blu-Ray Disc
Recordable (BD-R)
(2005-2010)
Modified from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Blu-
ray_disc_(BD-RE).JPG

Mechanism
• Blu-ray discs work on
mostly the same
principle as CDs and
DVDs.
• Their polycarbonate
and reflective layers
are much closer to
the surface when
compared to DVDs,
so an additional
protective layer is
added to the disc.
Modified from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/CD_layers.svg

Mechanism
• The pitch and pit
length are also
smaller on Blu-Ray
discs than on DVDs.
• The smaller pit size
requires Blu-Ray
players to utilize blue-
violet lasers instead
of infrared-red lasers.
Modified from http://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Picture/dvd1-15223.gif

Mechanism: Reading Video
• Blu-Ray discs use the
Universal Disc Format, as
did many DVDs and some
CDs.
• The video is stored as
MPEG-2 Transport Stream
files (.m2ts).
• M2TS is a container format
for H.264 and VC-1
encoded video.
• The disc also stores
information about the order
in which the video should
play, as well as information
pertaining to interactivity
and menus.
Rendered from files in
http://www.deviantart.com/download/106802192/H_264_MPEG
_4_AVC_LOGO__psd_by_BullBoyKennels.zip

Impact
• Blu-ray discs are now the standard modern
optical media format, replacing DVDs,
particularly for High Definition video.
• Despite this, Blu-Ray discs have become less
popular than expected as a result of increased
prevalence of online streaming services such
as Netflix.
• Development of new optical storage media,
such as Sony’s Archival Disc, is ongoing. Such
new formats may replace Blu-ray in some
applications.

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