Child development in Special Education

1. Submitted to: Prof. Cheryl Rose Alipongan
Submitted by: Annah Belgira
Development of the
Learners at Various Stages

2. Prenatal
Period
Infancy and
Toddlerhood
Early
Childhood
Middle
Childhood
Late
Childhood
Adolescence
Development of the Learners at
Various Stages

3. Prenatal Period /
Development
The process of prenatal development
occurs in three main stages. The first
two weeks after conception are
known as the germinal stage, the
third to eight week is known as
embryonic period, and the time from
the ninth week until birth is known
as the fetal period.

4. Stage 1
The Germinal
Stage
Stage 2
The Embryonic
Stage
Stage 3
The Fetal
Stage
Three main
Stages

5. The two-week period after conception is called the germinal stage. Conception
occurs when a sperm cell combines with an egg cell to form a zygote. About
thirty-six hours after conception, the zygote begins to divide quickly. The
resulting ball of cells moves along the mother’s fallopian tube to the uterus.
Stage 1: The Germinal Stage (WEEKS 1 TO 2)

6. The embryonic stage lasts from the end of the germinal stage to two months after conception. The
developing ball of cells is now called an embryo. In this stage, all the major organs form, and the
embryo becomes very fragile. The biggest dangers are teratogens, which are agents such as viruses,
drugs, or radiation that can cause deformities in an embryo or fetus. At the end of the embryonic period,
the embryo is only about an inch long.
Stage 2: The Embryonic Stage (WEEKS 3 TO 8)

7. The last stage of prenatal development is the fetal stage,
which lasts from two months after conception until birth.
About one month into this stage, the sex organs of the
fetus begin to form. The fetus quickly grows as bones and
muscles form, and it begins to move inside the uterus.
Organ systems develop further and start to function.
During the last three months, the brain increases rapidly in
size, an insulating layer of fat forms under the skin, and
the respiratory and digestive systems start to work
independently.
Stage 3: The Fetal Stage (WEEKS 9 TO 40)

8. Fetal Viability
Around twenty-two to twenty-six weeks after conception,
the fetus reaches the age of viability, after which it has
some chance of surviving out-side the womb if it is born
prematurely. The chances of a premature baby’s survival
increase significantly with each additional week it remains
in the mother’s uterus.
● Fetal viability depends largely on the fetal organ
maturity and environmental conditions.
● Viability of a fetus means having reached such a stage
of development as to be capable of living, under
normal conditions, outside the uterus.

9. Although the womb provides protection, the fetus remains
indirectly connected to the outside world through its mother.
Several factors that are linked to the mother can harm the
fetus
● Poor nutrition
● Use of alcohol
● Smoking
● Use of certain prescription or over-the-counter drugs
● Use of recreational drugs such as cocaine, sedatives, and
narcotics
● X-rays and other kinds of radiation
● Ingested toxins, such as lead
● Illnesses such as AIDS, German measles, syphilis, cholera,
smallpox, mumps, or severe flu
Adverse Factors Affecting Fetal Development

10. Adverse Factors Affecting Fetal Development

12. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy
may have babies with fetal alcohol syndrome.
Babies with this syndrome may have
problems such as small head size, heart
defects, irritability, hyperactivity, mental
retardation, or slowed motor development.
Fetal alcohol syndrome is incurable.

13. Prenatal Influences
During each prenatal stage, genetic and environmental factors can affect development. The developing fetus is completely
dependent on the mother for life. It is important that the mother takes good care of herself and receives prenatal care, which is
medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus.
-Prenatal Period is the period of time before birth. A woman nutritional needs are high during this time , because a woman
may not know that she is pregnant, she maybe poorly nourished or take alcohol or drugs.
-With regular prenatal care women can reduce the risk of pregnancy.

14. This stage marks the physical growth during the first two years. It is also considered as one of the most remarkable
and busiest times of Development. Rapid changes in the infant's body and brain support learning, motor skills, and
perpetual capacities.
Infancy is defined as the first year of life
after birth. For the first month after birth, an
infant is called as newborn.
Toddlerhood- a toddler is a young child who
is learning to walk or “toddle”. It generally
between the age of 1 to 2 years.
Infancy and
Toddlerhood

15. The term "cognitive" means knowledge. This development has to do with the way children learn and think.
Children learn things by imitating their parents. This goes along with deferred imitation, which is when a child
experiences something, and remembers it after 24 hours and imitates it. This happens with children from 14-24
months old.
Cognitive Development: From Birth to 2 years
The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years)
Major characteristics and developmental changes during
this stage:
•Know the world through movements and sensations
•Learn about the world through basic actions such as
sucking, grasping, looking, and listening
•Learn that things continue to exist even when they cannot
be seen (object permanence)
•Realize that they are separate beings from the people and
objects around them
•Realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the
world around them

16. Emotional Development in infants and toddlers are very important for the rest of their lives.
Adult-child interaction is very good for a child's emotional development. Infant's using social
referencing which "is the ability to search for and use the emotional signals of others to guide
behavior in new situations." This means that a child understands their caregiver's emotion and can
feed off of that. This can also be called emotional referencing (Woolfolk & Perry, 2012).
Example:
● Know familiar faces and begins to know if someone is a stranger
● Likes to play with others
● Likes to look at self in the mirror
Emotional Development: In Infant & Toddlers

17. Infants and toddlers are known to be sociable in the first three of their lives. This
is one of the most important developments in a child's life. A child needs to be with
children their age even when they are infants and toddlers. These interactions are
very good for them to experience so they can build relationships, this builds
curiosity. Prosocial development is when a child is helping or comforting a peer
when they are in distress (Woolfolk & Perry, 2012).
Social Development: In Infant & Toddlers

18. One of the most important factors of life is language development. Language development also means any
type of communication, including sign language, gestures, body movements, etc. Infants understand tones and
certain sounds when they are only at the "cooing" stages. Children start talking more when they are 12-18
months old, and this is called the language explosion stage. Below is a graph that shows language
development (Woolfolk & Perry, 2012).
Example:
● Try imitate speech sound
● Say a few words such as dada, mama
● Understand common instruction like come here
Language Development: In Infant & Toddlers

19. Fine Motor skills are
when a child uses their
fingers, thumbs, hands,
and wrists to do
something. An example of
this would be grasping
something or reaching.
Motor Development: In Infant & Toddlers
Large Motor skills is when an
infant/toddler walks, climbs,
crawls, etc.
Some things to help your
child with fine motor skills is
finger painting! An idea for
large motor skills is kicking a
little ball around if they are
able to walk (Woolfolk &
Perry, 2012).
There are two different types of motor development:

20. Developmental Milestone Guide

21. Early Childhood (3-5 years
of age)
Early childhood development (ECD) encompasses physical, socio
emotional, cognitive and motor development between 0-8 years of age.
Neuro-scientific evidence is rapidly evolving and in 2016, updated
evidence became available on the burden of children at risk of sub-
optimal development, effective interventions, affordability of their
delivery, and the cost of inaction.

22. Early Childhood
• ECD is a priority area of work for WHO, as it is a window of opportunity to
improve health and equity. A continuum of care – from preconception through
the formative early years – is needed to safeguard and maximize children’s
developmental outcomes. The health sector has a key role to play. It has the
potential to reach many families and children during pregnancy, childbirth and
early childhood, and is poised to deliver effective interventions for optimal
development of young children. –WHO
• Early childhood care and education (ECCE), as defined by UNESCO, is the
“holistic development of a child’s social, emotional, cognitive and physical
needs in order to build a solid and broad foundation for lifelong learning and
wellbeing.” We know these experiences shape young learners’ minds, attitudes
and often behaviors. –UNESCO

23. •The physical maturation during
early childhood is an extension of
the child’s prior growth.
•Fine and gross motor skills become
increasingly more refined and
coordinated so that children are able
to carry out activities of daily living
with greater independence.
Physical Development

24. The early childhood stage of
cognitive development is labeled
by Piaget as the preoperational
period.
This stage emphasizes the child’s
inability to think things through
logically without acting it out and it is
the transitional period when the child
starts to use symbols (letters and
numbers) to represent something.
Cognitive
Development

25. They perform gross motor
skills such as running,
jumping, throwing and
biking.
Fine motor skills: stringing
beads, drawing and cutting
with scissors
Motor Skills

26. Erikson (1963) has labeled the psychosocial
maturation level in early childhood as the period of
initiative versus guilt. Children takes on task for
the sake of being involve and on the move.
•Excess energy and a desire to dominate may lead
to frustration and anger on their part.
•Their growing imagination can lead to many fears
(separation, disapproval, pain, punishment and
aggression from others.)
•In this phase of development, children begin interacting
with playmates rather than just playing along side one
another.
• Through play, children in the preschool years also begin
to share ideas and imitate parents of the same sex.
Role playing is typical of this age as the child attempts
to learn the responsibilities of family members.
●At this point, children are just starting to
gain a little bit of independence like toileting,
feeding and dressing.
Psychosocial
Development

27. Erikson (1963) has labeled the psychosocial
maturation level in early childhood as the period of
initiative versus guilt. Children takes on task for
the sake of being involve and on the move.
•Excess energy and a desire to dominate may lead
to frustration and anger on their part.
•Their growing imagination can lead to many fears
(separation, disapproval, pain, punishment and
aggression from others.)
•In this phase of development, children begin interacting
with playmates rather than just playing along side one
another.
• Through play, children in the preschool years also begin
to share ideas and imitate parents of the same sex.
Role playing is typical of this age as the child attempts
to learn the responsibilities of family members.
●At this point, children are just starting to
gain a little bit of independence like toileting,
feeding and dressing.
Psychosocial Development

28. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• A tremendous amount of social and emotional
development takes place during early childhood.
• As kids experience tantrums, mood, swings and an
expanding social world, they must learn more about their
emotions as those other people.
• Throughout the toddler years, temper tantrums are quite
common. There’s a good reason why people often refer
to this stage as the ‘terrible twos’.
•A tremendous amount of social
and emotional development takes
place during early childhood.
•As kids experience tantrums,
mood, swings and an expanding
social world, they must learn more
about their emotions as those
other people.
•Throughout the toddler years,
temper tantrums are quite
common. There’s a good reason
why people often refer to this
stage as the ‘terrible twos’.
Emotional Development

29. Developmental Milestone Guide

30. Developmental Milestone Guide

31. References
https://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/education/blog/stages-of-
emotional-development/
https://childdevelopmentinfo.com/child-development/physical-
development-in-children-and-adolescents/
https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-
stages/preschool/Pages/Social-Development-in-
Preschoolers.aspx
https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html#trust

32. Thank You!