Introduction to Romanesque Architecture Building Materials Used Characteristics of Romanesque Architecture: Arches, Capitals & Columns, Voults and Decorative Patterns, etc. Romanesque Architecture Churches: Pisa Cathedral(About,Features,Plan,Elevation,Section) Pisa Companite(About,Features,Material used,Why Stable) Angouleme Cathedral(About,Features,Building Details,Structure,Decorative Patterns)

1. ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURETHE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE
1000 – 1200 B.C.
SUBMITTED TO – AR. RICHA GUPTA
SUBMITTED BY:-
ANSH AGARWAL
AZHAR AHMAD
HARSHIT SINGH
ALTAF AHMAD
NAVEEN KUMAR
B.ARCH 2ND YR.

2.  On the decline of the
Roman Empire in 478AD,
the Romanesque style
grew up in those
countries of Western
Europe which had been
under the rule of Rome.
 Romanesque style is so
called because it is a little
like Roman architecture
with similarities between
the barrel vault and
Roman arch, but it is
made around 1000-1200
AD instead of during the
Roman Empire.
WHY “ROMANESQUE”?

3.  Apart from its Roman
origin, from which it took
its name, the
Romanesque style owed
something to Byzantine
art, which was carried
westwards along the great
trade routes, by way of
such centers as Venice,
Ravenna, and Marseilles.
 With the church as the
unifying force, this period
was devoted to the
glorification of
Christianity and the
church was the
predominant building
type.

4. CLIMATE & MATERIALS
 Local materials used:
 Stone
 Brick
 Marble
 Terra-cotta
 Ready- made columns
Rough Granite Stone Brick Laterite Stone Brick
Terra-cotta Tiles
Ready-Made Columns
(An Example)

5. North
South
→ window openings were enlarged
→ high-pitched roofs
→ small window openings
→ flat roofs
 Climatic conditions
contributed to differences
of treatment north and
south of the Alps &
Pyrenees.
San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga, Italy, of undressed
granite stone, has a typically fortress-like
appearance. 1011AD
Sant'Ambrogio, Milan is
constructed of bricks, 1099AD.

6. CHARACTERISTICS
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF
ROMANESQUE WALLS, OPENINGS,
ROOFS, COLUMNS, MOULDINGS, AND
ORNAMENTS

7. ARCHES
Semi Circular Arch
A round arch whose intrados is a
full semicircle.
Segmented Arch
A shallow arch; an arch that is
less than a semicircle
Stilted Arch
An arch whose curve begins
above the impost line.
Horseshoe Arch
Also called the Moorish arch
and the Keyhole arch

8. ROMANESQUE CAPITALS
Block, cushion, or cubic capital:
A simple cube-like capital with bottom
corners tapered. The block capital is
particularly characteristic of Ottonian and
Romanesque architecture in Germany and
England.
Historiated or figured capital:
A capital which is decorated with figures
of animals, birds, or humans, used either
alone or combined with foliage. The
figures need not have any meaning,
although they may be symbolic or part of
a narrative sequence.
Historiated capitals were most commonly
used in the Romanesque from the late
eleventh to mid- twelfth centuries.

9. VOULTS
Barrel vault
The simplest type of vaulted roof is
the barrel vault in which a single
arched surface extends from wall to
wall, the length of the space to be
vaulted
Groin Vaults
A groin vault or groined vault (also
sometimes known as a double barrel vault
or cross vault) is produced by the
intersection at right angles of two barrel
vaults.

10. Rib vault
In ribbed vaults, not only are there
ribs spanning the vaulted area
transversely, but each vaulted bay has
diagonal ribs.
Fan vault
Late in the Romanesque period another
solution came into use for regulating the
height of diagonal and transverse ribs use
arches of the same diameter for both
horizontal and transverse ribs, causing the
transverse ribs to meet at a point

11. DECORATIVE PATTERNS
Chevron
A zigzag molding used in
Romanesque archs
Billet
molding formed by a series of
circular, cylinders, disposed
alternately with the notches
in single or multiple rows
Lozenges
tongue-like protrusions. A
diamond shape decoration
found carved on pillars and
arches.

12. Star
Also called chip-carved star,
motive star flower, or saltire cross
Nailheads
Moulding featuring a series of small
contiguous projecting pyramids
Cable
A convex molding carved in imitation of a rope
or cord, and used to decorate the moldings of
the Romanesque style

13. FRESCOES AND STAINED GLASS
Fresco from Church of St. Clement,
now in Museu Nacional d'Art de
Catalunya .
Stained glass, the Prophet Daniel from
Augsburg Cathedral, late 11th century.
Frescoes
A painting done rapidly in watercolour on wet
plaster on a wall or ceiling, so that the colours
penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it
dries.
Stained Glass
The coloured glass used for making
decorative windows and other objects
through which light passes.

14. DOORWAYS WITH A TYMPANUM
Also called Romanesque Portal. They were later decorated and the space
between the doorhead and the inner arch was filled by a stone slab called a
TYMPANIUM which acted as the focal point of the ornament.
St. Trophime

15. THE WESTWORK
A westwork is the monumental, west-facing entrance section of a Carolingian,
Ottonian, or Romanesque church. The exterior consists of multiple stories between two
towers. The interior includes an entrance vestibule, a chapel and a series of galleries
overlooking the nave.
The westwork of Corvey Abbey (873-885)
St Pantaleon,Cologne(960,1150-60)

16. CHURCHES

17.  Begun in 1093, Pisa Cathedral (Duomo di Pisa) is
a masterpiece of Romanesque architecture.
 The first stone of Pisa Cathedral was laid in 1093,
initiating what would become the distinctive
Pisan Romanesque style.
 The Cathedral is about one hundred meters long
and 54 meters high.
 The façade is 35.40m high and is made up of
marble.
 The bottom section has tall blind arcades with
pastel-colored marble inlay and three portals
with bronze doors.
 The main architect was Buscheto.
PISA CATHEDRAL

18. PLAN
ELEVATION

19. SIDE SECTION FRONT SECTION

20. Above the doors are four rows of open
galleries with, on top, statues of
Madonna with child and, on the corners,
the four evangalists
Also in the facade is found the tomb of
Buschesto (on the left side) and an
inscription about the foundation of the
Cathedral and the victorious battle against
the Saracens.
At east end of the exterior, high on a column
rising from the gable, is a modern replica of
the Pisa Griffin, the largest Islamic metal
sculpture known
Exterior

21. Interior
The elaborately carved pulpit (1302–1310)was
made by Giovanni Pisano, a masterwork of
medieval sculpture. The pulpit is supported
by plain columns (two of which are mounted
on lion's sculptures) on one side
the original of which was placed there probably
in the 11th or 12th century, and is now in the
Cathedral Museum.
The interior is faced with black and white
marble
Has a gilded ceiling and a frescoed dome.

22. PLAN
ELEVATON

23. Construction
Resumes The construction of the Tower of Pisa began
on August 9, 1173.
 Originally designed to be a bell tower, the
tower actually stood upright for over 5 years,
but just after the completion of the third floor
(1178) it began to lean.
 The foundation of the tower, only 3 meter
deep, was built on a dense clay mixture and
impacted the soil.
 As it turned out, the clay was not nearly as
strong enough as required to hold the tower
upright.
 After the 100 year hiatus, Giovanni di Simone
stepped forward in 1272and began to add
four more floors to the tower.

24. Location
PIS
A
PISA

25. What Type
Structure Is It?
STONE
LIMESTONE
CONCEPT CUT

26. Why Stable?
STRPONG FOUNDATION

27. Architectural Features
 The height of the tower is 55.86 meter's
(183.27 feet) from the ground on the low side
and 56.67 meter's (185.93 feet) on the high
side.
 The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8
ft. 0.06 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500
metric tons (16,000 short tons).
 The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh
floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing
staircase.
 Originally the tower is lean at an angle of 5.5
degree but now it is 3.97degree.
 Outer diameter of base: 15.484 meter's (50
ft. 9.6 in) & Inner diameter of base: 7.368
meter's (24 ft. 2.1 in).
 Weight: 14,700 metric tons (16,200 short

28. ANGOULEME CATHEDRAL
 The Angouleme Cathedral
was built in Angoulême,
France and finished in the
year 1128.
 The sculpture is a first
example of programing of the
church to making it more
pleasing.
 St-Pierre In Angoulême
has a single large nave, a
rounded apse with small
radiating chapels, and a pair
of transept mini-apses.

29.  The cathedral is
characterized by a very long
nave, 15.24 m wide with no
aisles. The nave is formed by
the addition of 4 parts: one
is the transept, and three in
the central nave, covered by
three stone domes and
pointed arches.
 It has the form of a Latin
cross, formed by the junction
of the nave and the transept.
 The highest point of the
cathedral rises 32 meters
above ground level.
 The cross rises from an
octagonal floor plan toward
the light.
Building materials:

30. Vaults
The vault are a space segment
defined by the barrels and support
elements connected by arches (the
intersection of arches parallel with
the main axis and arches
perpendicular to the main axis).
Some vaults are formed in the four-
part nave.
Choir
The choir consists of three chapels
and an apse.
Building materials:

31. Structure:
 As the pillars that support
the domes are very wide,
the construction system is
based on the idea of filled
walls.
 Two parallel walls are
constructed and then the
interior space is filled with
debris. Pilasters support the
interior walls.
 On the outside its is
necessary to use buttresses
to counter the outward
thrust of the vaults.

32. PLAN & ELEVATIONS

33. DECORATIVE PATTERNS USED

34. THANK YOU