Vegetable Fibers- Flax, Jute, Hemp , Ramie

1. Hemp
Ramie
Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

2. Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

3. Linen is a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant.
Linen textiles appear to be some of the oldest in the world
Linen is very strong and absorbent and dries faster than cotton. Because of these
properties, linen is comfortable to wear in hot weather
Linen is a bast fiber. Flax fibers vary in length from about 25 to 150 mm (1 to 6 in) and
average 12–16 micrometers in diameter.
There are two varieties: shorter tow fibers used for coarser fabrics and longer line fibers
used for finer fabrics.
Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

4. Manufacturing of Linen
Harvesting
Drying & Rippling
Water Retting
Retting
Breaking & Dorting
Dew Retting Wooden vat Retting Chemical Retting
Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

5. Hackling & Combing
Spinning
Weaving
Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

6. Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

7. Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

8. Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

9. Jute is a long, soft, shiny bast fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads.
 Jute is also called the "golden fiber" for its color and high cash value.
Jute fiber is 100% bio-degradable and recyclable and thus environmentally friendly.
Jute has low pesticide and fertilizer needs.
It is the cheapest vegetable fiber procured from the bast or skin of the plant's stem.
It is the second most important vegetable fiber after cotton, in terms of usage,
global consumption, production, and availability.
It has high tensile strength, low extensibility, and ensures better breathability of
fabrics. Therefore, jute is very suitable in agricultural commodity bulk packaging.
It helps to make top quality industrial yarn, fabric, net, and sacks. It is one of the
most versatile natural fibers that has been used in raw materials for packaging,
textiles, non-textile, construction, and agricultural sectors. Bulking of yarn results in a
reduced breaking tenacity and an increased breaking extensibility when blended as a
ternary blend.
Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

10. Advantages of jute include good insulating and antistatic properties, as well as having
low thermal conductivity and a moderate moisture regain. Other advantages of jute
include acoustic insulating properties and manufacture with no skin irritations.
Jute can be blended with other fibers, both synthetic and natural, and accepts
cellulosic dye classes such as natural, basic, vat, sulfur, reactive, and pigment dyes. As demand
for natural comfort fibers increases, demand for jute and other natural fibers that can be
blended with cotton will increase. To meet this demand, some manufactures in the natural fiber
industry plan to modernize processing with the Rieter's Elitex system. Resulting jute/cotton
yarns produce fabrics with a reduced cost of wet processing treatments. Jute can also be
blended with wool. By treating jute with caustic soda, crimp, softness, pliability, and appearance
is improved, aiding in its ability to be spun with wool. Liquid ammonia has a similar effect on
jute, as well as the added characteristic of improving flame resistance when treated
with flameproofing agents.
Some noted disadvantages include poor drapability and crease resistance, brittleness, fiber
shedding, and yellowing in sunlight. However, preparation of fabrics with castor
oil lubricants result in less yellowing and less fabric weight loss, as well as increased dyeing
brilliance. Jute has a decreased strength when wet, and also becomes subject
to microbial attack in humid climates.
Jute can be processed with an enzyme to reduce some of its brittleness and stiffness. Once
treated with an enzyme, jute shows an affinity to readily accept natural dyes, which can be
made from marigold flower extract. In one attempt to dye jute fabric with this extract, bleached
fabric was mordanted with ferrous sulphate, increasing the fabric's dye uptake value. Jute also
responds well to reactive dyeing. This process is used for bright and fast coloured value-added
diversified products made from jute.
Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

11. Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

12. Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

13. Hemp is called a fiber of hundred uses. It is important for textile, paper, rope and oil
production.
Hemp is a bast fiber plant
True hemp is a fine, light-colored, lustrous, and strong bast fiber,
Hemp fiber is longer, stronger, more absorbent, more mildew resistant and more
insulative than Cotton fiber. There are thirty varieties of Hemp fiber.
Hemp fiber is dark tan or brown and is difficult to bleach, but it can be dyed bright
and dark colors.
Hemp fiber is a lustrous fiber,
As Hemp is not pliable and elastic, it cannot be woven into fine fabrics. Hemp is
durable and is used in rug and carpet manufacturing.
Like Cotton, Hemp can be made into a variety of fabrics, including high-quality Linen.
When blended with materials such as Cotton, Linen, and Silk. Hemp provides a
sturdier, longer lasting product while maintaining quality and softness.
Coarse Hemp fibers and yarns are woven into cordage, rope, sacking and heavy –
duty tarpaulins. In Italy, fine Hemp fibers are used for interior design and apparel
fabrics. Hemp is used in tapestry, hats, shawls, rugs, posters, and towel.
Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

14. Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

15. Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

16. Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

17. The ramie plant has been cultivated in eastern Asia for fibre since
prehistoric times. Ramie fabric was used in ancient Egypt and was
known in Europe during the Middle Ages.
Ramie fibre, also known as China grass, and ramie fabric, variously
known as grass linen, grass cloth, or China linen, have been exported
from East Asia to the Western Hemisphere since early in the 18th
century, but commercial production of ramie products did not achieve
importance in the West until the 1930s.
Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi

18. Ramie, (Boehmeria nivea), also called China grass, fibre-yielding plant of the nettle
family (Urticaceae) and its bast fibre, native to China.
Ramie fibres are obtained by decortication, a hand or mechanical process in which
the bark and the adhering fibre are separated from the stalk and soaked in water,
allowing the fibre to be scraped from the bark.
 Ramie has had limited acceptance for modern textile use.
The fibre’s extraction and cleaning are expensive, chiefly because several steps—
involving scraping, pounding, heating, washing, or exposure to chemicals—are needed
to separate the raw fibre from the adhesive gums or resins in which it is unsheathed.
 Spinning the fibre is made difficult by its brittle quality and low elasticity, and
weaving is complicated by the hairy surface of the yarn, resulting from lack of cohesion
between the fibres.
Ramie is used to make such products as industrial sewing thread, packing materials,
fishing nets, and filter cloths. It is also made into fabrics for household furnishings and
clothing, frequently in blends with other textile fibres. Shorter fibres and waste are
used in paper manufacture.
Anshu Shukla, VKM, Kamchha , Varanasi