The document discusses various topics related to reproduction in animals including: 1) Sexual reproduction involves both male and female reproductive organs fusing eggs and sperm. 2) Fertilization is the fusion of an egg and sperm, forming a zygote that divides and develops into an embryo and fetus. 3) Reproduction can occur externally as in frogs where eggs and sperm fuse outside the body, or internally as in humans. 4) Asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and results in offspring that are identical copies through binary fission or budding.

1. RREPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS

2. CONTENTS:
o Sexual reproduction
o Male reproductive organs in humans
o Female reproductive organs in humans
o Fertilization
o Zygote, embryo and foetus
o Extenal fertilization & Internal fertilizationo Extenal fertilization & Internal fertilization
o Test tube baby
o Reproduction in Frogs
o Metamorphosis
o Vivipouras and ovipouras animals
o Asexual reproduction
o Binary fusion
o Budding
o Dolly the clone

3. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
Sexual reproduction: The
reproduction in which the both male
reproductive organs and female
reproductive organs involved to givereproductive organs involved to give
birth to new individual is called
sexual reproduction.
For ex. Human being ,cow, goat etc.

4. MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS IN HUMANS
The male reproductive organs include a pair of
testes, two sperms ducts and a penis. The testes
produce male gametes called sperms. Millions of
sperms are produced by the testes.

5. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS IN
HUMANS
The female reproductive organs are of ovaries,
oviducts[fallopian tubes] and the uterus. The
ovary produces female gametes called ova[eggs].
A single matured egg is released into oviduct by
on of the ovaries every month. Uterus is theon of the ovaries every month. Uterus is the
development of the baby takes place. Like the
sperm, an egg is also a single cell.

6. OVUM
An ovum (plural ova, ovum meaning egg or egg
cell) is a haploid female reproductive cell or
gamete. Both animals and embryophytes have
ova. The term ovule is used for the young ovum of
an animal, as well as the plant structure thatan animal, as well as the plant structure that
carries the female gametophyte and egg cell and
develops into a seed after fertilization.

7. SPERM
Sperm were first observed in 1677 by Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek using a microscope. The sperms
are produced by testes. Though sperms are very
small in size, each has head, a middle piece and a
tail. Each sperm is a single cell with all usual celltail. Each sperm is a single cell with all usual cell
components.

8. FERTILIZATION
The first step in process of
reproduction is the fusion of a sperm
and an ovum. When sperms come in
contact with an egg, one of thecontact with an egg, one of the
sperms may fuse the egg. Such
fusion of the egg and the sperm is
called Fertilisation

9. PROCESS OF FERTILISATION IN
HUMAN BEINGS
Fertilization involves the fusion of the male and
the female gamete. The male and the female
gametes are released from the male and the
female reproductive organs. Sperms or male
gametes are released from the male reproductivegametes are released from the male reproductive
organ i.e., the penis. These sperms then enter the
female body through the vagina. Then, they
travel through the fallopian tubes where they
meet the eggs. Hence, the process of fertilization
takes place in the fallopian tubes.

10. During fertilization, the haploid nucleus of the
sperm and that of the ovum fuse with each other
to form the zygote. This zygote divides to form an
embryo which in turn develops into a foetus.

12. ZYGOTE
 A zygote is always synthesized from the union of
two gametes, and constitutes the first stage in a
unique organism's development. Zygotes are
usually produced by a fertilization event between
two haploid cells— an ovum (female gamete) andtwo haploid cells— an ovum (female gamete) and
a sperm cell (male gamete)—which combine to
form the single diploid cell. Such zygotes contain
DNA derived from both the parents, and this
provides all the genetic information necessary to
form a new individual.

13. FORMATION OF ZYGOTE

14. EMBRYO
 Fertilisation results in the formation of zygote
which begins to develop into embryo. The zygote
divides repeatedly to give rise to a balls of cells.
The cells then begin to form groups that develop
into different tissues and organs of body. Thisinto different tissues and organs of body. This
developing structure is termed an embryo. The
embryo gets embedded in the walls of uterus for
development.

16. FOETUS
 The stage embryo in which all body parts can
been seen is called Foetus.

17. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION AND
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
The fertilisation which takes
place inside the female body is
called Internal fertilisation.
Fertilisation in which the fusionFertilisation in which the fusion
of male and female gamete takes
outside the body is called
External fertilisation. Example:
frog, fish, starfish etc.

18. TEST TUBE BABY
 In some women oviducts are blocked. These
women are unable to bear babies because sperms
cannot reach the egg for fertilisation. In such
cases, doctors collect freshly released egg and
sperms and keep them together for a few hours
for IVF. In case fertilisation occurs, the zygote isfor IVF. In case fertilisation occurs, the zygote is
allowed to develop for about a week and then it is
placed in the mother’s uterus. Complete
development takes place in the uterus and the
baby is born like other babies. Babies born
through this technique are called test-tube baby
 In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which
egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the
womb, in vitro.

19. REPRODUCTION IN FROGS
During spring or rainy season, frogs and toads move to
ponds and slow flowing streams. When the male and
female come together in water, the female lays
hundreds of eggs. A layer of jelly holds the eggs
together and provides protection to the eggs. As the
eggs are laid, the male deposits sperms over them.eggs are laid, the male deposits sperms over them.
Each sperm swims randomly in water with the help of
its long tail. The sperms contact with the eggs this
results in fertilisation. Though the animals lay
hundreds of eggs and release millions of sperms, all
the eggs do not get fertilised ,this is because the eggs
get exposed in water movement, wind and rainfall.
Also, there are other animals in pond which may feed
on eggs

21. METAMORPHOSIS
Metamorphosis is a biological
process of transforming a larva
into an adult. This involves
relatively sudden and abruptrelatively sudden and abrupt
changes in the animal’s
structure. Frogs and insects are
examples of organisms showing
metamorphosis.

22. OVIPOURS AND VIVIPOURAS
ANIMALS
Animals which lay eggs outside their
bodies are known as oviparous
animals. All birds, frogs, lizards,
crocodiles etc. belong to this group.crocodiles etc. belong to this group.
 Animals which give birth to young
ones are known as viviparous
animals. Animals like lions, tigers,
dogs, and humans belong to this
group.

23. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction is a
mode of reproduction that
does not involve the fusion ofdoes not involve the fusion of
the male and the female
gamete. It requires only one
parent, and the offsprings
produced are exact copies of
their parents.

24. BINNARY FUSSION
 It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a
single cell divides into two halves. Organisms
that reproduce through binary fission are
bacteria and Amoeba. In Amoeba, the division of
cells can take place in any plane. It involves thecells can take place in any plane. It involves the
division of its nucleus into two nuclei, which is
followed by the division of its body into two
halves. Each half of the body receives a nucleus

25. BUDDING
 Budding involves the formation of a new individual from
the bulges, known as buds formed on the parent body. This
method of reproduction is common in Hydra. In Hydra, the
cells divide rapidly at a specific site and develop as an
outgrowth, called the bud. These buds, while being
attached to the parent plant, develop into smallerattached to the parent plant, develop into smaller
individuals. When these individuals become mature
enough, they detach from the parent’s body and become
independent individuals.

26. DOLLY THE CLONE
 Dolly was the first cloned mammal, and is
genetically identical to its parent sheep.
Cloning is creating an exact copy of a
biological entity. A clone is created by
inserting the complete genetic material ofinserting the complete genetic material of
a regular body cell from a donor into a
recipient. Sheep are viviparous animals,
and so propagate their offspring sexually.
Sir Ian Wilmut from Roslin Institute in
Edinburgh, Scotland created Dolly.