2. •The Nobel Prize in
Chemistry 2020 was
awarded jointly to
Emmanuelle
Charpentier and
Jennifer A. Doudna
"for the
development of a
method for genome
editing."
3. What is CRISPR/Cas9 ?
• The ability to cut the DNA where we want has revolutionized
due to CRISPR/Cas9.
• It is tool for rewriting the code of life.
• CRISPR” stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short
Palindromic Repeats ATGC.
• The protein Cas9 is an enzyme that acts like a pair of
molecular scissors, capable of cutting strands of DNA. It
makes gene sequencing very easy, simple and extremely
efficient.
• It is also known as “gene shear.”
4. Discovery of CRISPR/Cas9?
• CRISPR technology was adapted from the natural defense
mechanisms of bacteria and archaea.
• Bacteria itself has an ancient immune system These organisms
use CRISPR-derived RNA and Cas proteins, to foil attacks by
viruses and other foreign bodies.
• First step is by chopping destroy the DNA of a foreign invader.
• crispersspers technology transferred into other more complex
organisms, it allows for the manipulation of genes, or
"editing."
5. new and unknown piece of the CRISPR-system?
The system having two parts, the first is a strand of
RNA or DNA’s chemical cousin which binds with a
region of DNA inside a cell that a scientist may want
to target.
This then acts as a shepherd to guide the second
component a pair of ‘molecular scissors’ called Cas9
to the site of action, where it makes a snip across the
DNA.
6. • Once scientists have cleaved the target
region of DNA, a number of options are
opened up: they could disrupt the function
of a particular gene, cut it out, make
precise spelling changes to the DNA
sequence, or slip in an entirely new gene.
• It’s an extremely precise method of genetic
modification.
What can it do?
7. How is it used in cancer research?
• Cancer is a genetic disease as oncogenes it's all depend at cell level
hence crisper can alter and treat the cancer disease.
• That’s what our scientists are doing for a type of brain tumour called
glioblastoma.
• It is also used in tumor suppressor genes.This make the beginnings of
a new wave of cancer treatment.
• They plan to test if crisper will edit will boost the cells’ cancer-killing
abilities'.
8. How does CRISPR-Cas9 compare to other
genome editing tools?
• CRISPR-Cas9 itself is capable to cut the gene hence it not
required to paired with other restriction enzymes.
• They can also easily be matched with tailor-made “guide”
RNA (gRNA) sequences designed to lead them to their DNA
targets.
• CRISPR-Cas9 can also be used to target multiple genes
simultaneously, which is another advantage that sets it apart
from other gene-editing tools.
9. What other scientific uses might CRISPR
have beyond genome editing?
• CRISPR-Cas9 can create new cell and animal
models.In addition, CRISPR is now being
developed as a rapid diagnostic. To
encourage this type of research CRISPR
components with academic laboratories
shared around the world.
10. What are the concerns of CRISPR/Cas9 ?
• Ethical Concerns: Ease of altering DNA will allow more people to choose the
characteristics of their progeny and this will hamper the natural process.
• In November 2018, a Chinese researcher claimed to have altered the genes of
embryo that eventually resulted in the birth of twin baby girls lulu and nana . It
was the first reported case of a ‘designer babies’ being produced using gene-
editing tools like CRISPR. He insured that this babies are HIV-RESISTIVE.
• It was done without any regulatory permission or oversight which makes it even
worse.
• : It is not 100% accurate, and it is possible that some other genes could also get
altered by mistake.
• Lack of Rules and Guidelines : Due to development of international rules and
guidelines, it pause the usage of it.
11. Application of CRISPR/Cas9?
• Pet breeding : CRISPR for pet breeding include the creation
of miniature pigs with custom size, color and patterns and
can treat their diseases.
• Allergy-free foods : CRISPR-Cas9 to modify the DNA of
wheat to remove gluten and allergic protein of eggs.
• DNA ‘tape recorders’ : Using of CRISPR to create a molecular
tool called CAMERA which is short for CRISPR-mediated
analogue multi-event recording apparatus and help
scientists detect environmental pollutants .
• Decaf coffee beans : Tropic Biosciences company has
created a gene edited variety of coffee beans that are
naturally decaffeinated. It gives positive impact on the flavor,
nutrition and Inexpensive decaf coffee.
12. • Greener fuels :CRISPR use in production of biofuels by
algae. Synthetic Genomics has created strain of algae
which produces much fat and limiting the gene which
produce less fat. New target is to produce 10,000 barrels
of algae biofuel per day by 2025.
• Spicy tomatoes : CRISPR to create the first tomato that is
naturally spicy.
• Faster race horses : CRISPR produces faster, stronger
and better jumpers.
• More nutritious fish : CRISPR improving the genetics for
better welfare of the fish, including disease
resistance.De-extinction : Scientists are already working
on bringing back animals that are extinct.
13. Crisper will change everything forever?
•It can alter the gene
sequence and can create
human individual but it
can not beat the nature
as it is not 100%
accurate.
