International Relations of India after 1990 that is the rise of Indian foreign affairs after the period of cold war. India's situation in January 1991 before IMF's funds.

1. RISE OF INDIA AFTER
1990

2. INTRODUCTION
• The year 1991 was a defining moment in the history of
India’s foreign and foreign economic policies in the post
cold war scenario.
• The collapse and disintegration of the USSR.
• Before the 90s India was probably one of the least
preferred economies in the world.
• India was founding members of many International
Organisations.

3. ECONOMY OF INDIA
• India’s economy was growing three times faster in 1950’s and 1960’s as compared to
British Raj but it came to stagnant position in 1980’s.
• Before IMF came to India’s rescue, India’s foreign exchange reserves was of mere two
weeks in January 1991 .
• GDP per capita nearly doubled from US$1,380 in 1990 to US$2,420 in 2000.
• Foreign exchange reserves, which had plunged to zero, surged to 50 billion US
dollars.
• Foreign direct investment (mainly from USA, UK, Germany and Japan) started to
become positive.

4. NOMINAL GDP AT CURRENT PRICES IN
RS. CRORE

6. RELATIONS WITH U.S.
• Relations between India and the United States were lukewarm following Indian
independence, as India took a leading position in the Non-Aligned Movement.
• Since the end of the Cold War, India-USA relations have improved dramatically.
• The economic sanctions imposed by the United States in response to India's
nuclear tests in May 1998 appeared, at least initially, to seriously damage Indo-
American relations.
• United States would lend its support to India's bid for a permanent seat in the
United Nations Security Council.

7. RELATIONS WITH RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
• During the Cold War, India and the Soviet Union (USSR) enjoyed a strong strategic,
military, economic and diplomatic relationship.
• Russia has been the largest supplier of military equipment to India Consists of 68% of
total import.
• Russian Federation would lend its support to India's bid for a permanent seat in the
United Nations Security Council.
• In recent years a sixth component, economic, has grown in importance with both
countries setting a target for US$30 billion in bilateral trade by 2025.

8. RELATIONS WITH PEOPLES REPUBLIC
OF CHINA
• Fought one war in 1962 over boundary disputes over Aksai Chin and Arunachal
Pradesh.
• A series of high-level visits between the two nations have helped improve relations.
• Sino-Indian relations suffered a brief setback in May 1998 when the country's nuclear
tests by citing potential threats from the Peoples Republic Of China.
• In 2003, India formally recognised Tibet as a part of China, and China recognised
Sikkim as a formal part of India in 2004.
• Sino-Indian trade reached US$65.47 billion in 2013–14, making China the single
largest trading partner of India.

9. RELATIONS WITH PAKISTAN
• Fought four wars since independence in 1948,1965,1971 and 1999 of which three were on
Kashmir border dispute.
• The fact of secular democracy in a neighbourhood country often seemed threating to
Pakistani military rulers.
• In 1998, India carried out the Pokhran-II nuclear tests which was followed by Pakistan's
Chagai-I tests. Following the Lahore Declaration in February 1999.
• The 2008 Mumbai attacks seriously undermined the relations between the two countries.
India alleged Pakistan of harbouring militants on their soil, while Pakistan vehemently
denies such claims.
• The Samjhauta Express and Delhi–Lahore Bus service are two of these successful measures
which have played a crucial role in expanding people-to-people contact between the two
countries.

10. ACHIEVEMENTS
• India took part in several UN peacekeeping missions. In 2007 it
was second largest troop contributions to UN.
• India is currently seeking a permanent seat UN security council
along with the other G-4 nations.
• India's closest include the Russian Federation, Israel, Afghanistan,
France, Bhutan Bangladesh, and the United States.
• India enjoys military ties with several countries with United
Kingdom, United States, Japan, Singapore, Brazil, South Africa and
Italy.

11. STRATEGIC POINTS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Russia US France UK Germany Japan
Russia US France UK Germany Japan

12. CONCERNS
• Even as India is increasing its geo-strategic sphere of South Asia, its influence
within it is steadily weakened by Chinese economic and military power.
• New Delhi’s focus on terrorism has compromised India’s strategic relationship
with China.
• India's insufficient commercial integration with Southeast and East Asia.
• Gaps between diplomatic efforts and agents of domestic implementation.
• Political resistance to engagement with Pakistan.
• Relative inexperience with leading on matters of global governance

13. WAY FORWARD
• Long-term strategic thinking requires intellectual depth and an ability to look
beyond the tactical considerations.
• There needs to be institutional coordination and follow-up action on the
government’s key initiatives.
• If there are well-articulated strategic doctrines, institutions will learn to refer to them
and adjust their policies accordingly, leading to a lot more coherence in the
country’s strategic behavior.
• A national security doctrine would require a great deal of political consultation,
careful scenario building, and net assessment by experts.
• Strategic thinking can flourish when the political class commits to institutional
reform, intellectual investment and consensus building.

14. A PRESENTATION BY
A1 AV