DISSERTATION -Mughal architecture

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DISSERTATION
MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE

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CONTENT
CHAPTER -1……………………………………………….
1. SYNOPSIS
1.1 Aim
1.2 Objective
1.3 Scope
1.4 Limitation
1.5 Methodology
CHAPTER -2…………………………………………….
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 Style of Mughal architecture.
2.2 Mughal emperor& empire.
2.3 Important buildings.
2.4 Main construction element.
CHAPTER -3……………………………………………..
3. DIFFERENT PHASES OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
3.1 Red Stone Phase
3.2 Marble Phase
3.3 General feature
3.4 Akabar era
3.5 Shahjahan era

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CHAPTER -4…………………………………………….
4. CASE STUDY :
4.1 Case study : 1
4.1.1 Jama masjid
4.2 Case study : 2
4.2.1 Tajmahal
CHAPTER -5…………………………………………….

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CHAPTER :-1
 SYNOPSIS
AIM
To study the types and forms of aluminium as a building
material.
HYPOTHESIS
Going beyond concrete lines.
OBJECTIVE
• Scope and Limits to study the measures and ways in which
aluminium can be used as a building material.
• To study the strength and reliability of aluminium as a
building material.
LIMITATION
• Far more expensive then steel.
• Difficult to weld.
• Abrasive to tooling.
INTRODUCTION
 Aluminium is theoretically 100% recyclable without any
loss of its natural quilities.
Aluminium
Aluminium is second most widly specified metal in building
after steel, and it used to construction sectors frome
commercial building to domestic dwelling.

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METHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTED
• INTRODUCTION
• DATA COLLECTION
• DATA ANALYSIS
• PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION
• TAKING REVIEWS
• VISITING SITE
• SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
• LITERATURE STUDY
• PHOTOGRAPHS/SKETCHES
• CONCLUSION
CHAPTER :- 2
 INTRODUCTION
Mughal architecture, the combination of Islamic, Persian, Turkish and Indian
architecture, is the distinctive style developed by theMughals in the 16th,
17th and 18th centuries in what is
now India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. It is symmetrical and
decorative in style.
The magnificent taste of the Mughal Emperors is manifest from the various
buildings they erected in almost all parts of India The buildings of this period
are larger and more splendid. though lighter and more graceful in
composition. Wide use is made of white and coloured marble, mosaic, lattice-
work, and intricate carvings and, above all, of buff and red sand-stone. The
mosques have minarets. Tombs are square. Domes are first semi-circular,
then increasingly bulbous or onion-shaped and are often mounted on a high
drum. Rows of small cupolas are found over gateways and frontages. The
chief examples of Mughal architecture are the Tomb of Humayun, Red Fort
and the Moti Masjid and palaces within Jama Masjid, Tajmahal etc.
 Style of Mughal architecture.

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With the coming of the Mughals, Indian architecture was greatly influenced
by Persian styles. The Mughals constructed excellent mausoleums,
mosques, forts, gardens and cities. The Mughal buildings show a uniform
pattern both in structure and character.
Nearly 400 monuments have survived a time-span of 132 years.
Examples of that style can be found in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and
Bangladesh.
Example :-
Humayun's Tomb, DELHI Red Fort, Delhi
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

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 Mughal rulers created a powerful empire in which military might and artistic
culture flourished.
 Name comes from Persian word Mogul for “Mongol”
 Mughals reigned as India’s first great Muslim empireGreat civilization, known
for wealth, power
 Tried, failed to create empire in Central Asia.
 MUGHAL EMPEROR

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1 – BABUR [1526 TO 1530]
2 – HUMAYUN [1530 TO 1539 & 1555 TO 1556]
3 – AKBAR[1556 TO 1605]
4 – JAHANGIR[1605 TO 1627]
5 – SHAH JAHAN[1627 TO 1657]
6 – AURANGZEB[1657 TO 1707]
-:- IMPORTANT BUILDING DURING DIFFERENT
EMPEROR:-
 BABAR:-
BABURS rulings a short period of five years and hence no
remarkable buildings were built :-
 MOSQUE inkabulibagh at panipat.
 JAMI MASJID at sambhal in muradabad, U.P.
 HUMAYUN :-
His troubled reign left him little opportunity to indulge his artistic
taste. Only one mosque of his time still stands at Fatehabad in the
Punjab.
The buildings of Babar, it is decorated in the pure Persian style
with enamelled tiles.
 AKABAR :-
Akbar took throne at age 13, but became greatestof all Mughal
rulers

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Realized India had diverse population, which could lead to
breakdown of empire; did everything he could to win people’s
loyalty.
 important building constructed at the time of akber :-
 The fort at Agra : 1565 AD to 1574 AD
 Humayun's Tomb : 1565 AD to 1569AD
 FatehpurSikri : 1569 AD to 1574AD
a. PanchMahal,
b. Diwanikhas
c. BulandDarwaza
 JAHANGIR :-
Under Jahangir (1605–1627)the Hindu features vanished from the
style; his great mosque at Lahore is in the Persian style, covered
with enameled tiles. At Agra, the tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula which
was completed in 1628,was built entirely of white marble and
covered in pietradura mosaic.
Jehangir though a lover of art was fond of natural beauty and
so devoted his time to the laying of beautiful gardens such
as:-
 Shalimar Gardens
 NishatBagh
He also built a monument to his pet deer, HiranMinar in
Sheikhupura, Pakistan.
 SHAHJAHAN :-
The reign of Shah Jahan (1628-1658)marks a turning point in the
growth of art and architecture. Before him red sand-stone was used

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in the construction of buildings bat he made use of pure white
marble for the purpose.He not only discarded the use of sand-
stone, but also pulled down and demolished alarge number of
sand-stone buildings in the forts of Agra, Lahore and other places
and replaced them by white-mare bledifices.
Rather than building huge monuments like his predecessors,Shah
Jahan built elegant monuments.His predecessors built huge
buildings to demonstrate their power.The force and originality of
their building style gave way under Shah Jahan to a delicate
elegance and refinement of detail, illustrated in the palaces erected
in his reign at Agra and Delhi.
 important building constructed at the time of Jahangir :-
 Jama Masjid,Delhi.
 Tajmahal.
 Red fort.
Shah Jahan also built new capital for India at Delhi.
 AURANGZEB :-
In Aurangzeb's reign (1658–1707)squared stone and marble was
replaced by brick or rubble with stucco ornament. Srirangapatna
and Lucknow have examples of later Indo-Muslim architecture. He
made additions to the Lahore Fort and also built one of the thirteen
gates which was later named after him. Aurangzeb also built the
Badshahi Mosque which was constructed in 1674 under the
supervision of Fida'iKoka. This mosque is adjacent to the Lahore
Fort and is the last in the series of congregational mosques in red
sandstone.
 IMPORTANT BUILDING DURING
MUGHAL ERA:-

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HUMAYUN TOMB
TAJMAHALTomb of Itmad-ud-Daulah
JAMA MASJID

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FATEHPURSIKRI PANCH MAHAL
DIWANI KHAS Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra
BULAND DARWAJA

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MAIN CONSTRUCTION ELEMENT :-
The main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are :-
The bulbous domes,the slenderminarets with cupolas at the four
corners, large halls, massive gateways and delicate ornamentation.
• White marble and red sandstone was favored.
• Semi-precious gemstoneswere popular (jade, crystal, etc.)
• Used arches sparingly.
• Symmetry and balance stressed.
• Used octagons a lot.
• The buildings wore a look of grace, beauty, grandeur and richness.
• Red stone was substituted by White Mrbles and Precious Stones.
• The Pietra Dura style became a popular feature of this period.
• squared stone and marble was replaced by brick or rubble with
stucco ornament at the time of Aurangzeb.
 ARCHES:-
 DOMES :-

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 MINARETS:-
 FAÇADE:-
 ORNAMENTATION:-

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CHAPTER – 3 :-
DIFFERENT PHASES OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE:-
 MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE DIVIDED INTO TWO PHASES:-
RED SANDSTONE PHASE.
MARBLE PHASE.
 RED STONE PHASE :-
THE FIRST PHASE IN WHICH THE BUILDINGS WERE PRINCIPALLY CONSTRUCTED
IN RED SANDSTONE DURING THE REIGN OF BABUR, HUMAYUN & AKBAR.
 The main characteristic features of red stone phase are :-
 Used red stone mostaly.
 Symmetry and balance stressed.
 bricks, decorated with "terra cotta" and glaze.
 Semi-precious gemstones werepopular (jade, crystal, etc.)
 Domes are semi-circular.
 Important example:-
RED FORT FATEHPURSIKRI

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 MARBLE PHASE :-
THE SECOND PHASE, WHEN WHITE MARBLE WAS LARGELY
EMPLOYED TO THE LUXURY TASTE OF SHAH JAHAN.
 The main characteristic features of marble phase are :-
 Red stone was substituted by White Mrbles and Precious
Stones.
 The Pietra Dura stylebecame a popular feature of this period.
 Semi-circular domes are replaced by The bulbous domes.
 Important example:-
After red stone and marble phase, squared stone and
marble was replaced by brick or rubble with stucco
ornament at the time of Aurangzeb.
Srirangapatna and Lucknow haveexamples of later Indo-Muslim
architecture. He made additions to the LahoreFortand also built
one of the thirteen gates.

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GENERAL FEATURES:
 The Mughals werefamous for their wealth and splendour – a fact that is
reflected in the opulence of their architecture.
 Most famous Mughalbuilding is the Taj Mahal
 The most significant buildings are forts, palaces, mosques and tombs.
Characteristic architectural features are domes, turrets, arches,
sumptuous detailed decoration and latticed stone windows called
jalis.
 Mosques and tombs are both related to the Muslim religion, although
the Qu’ran makes no prescriptions aboutthe form or arrangementof
the mosque. In fact, a Muslim is only required to face Mecca when he
prays.
 Indeed, grandiosetombs common to the Mughals, are strictly forbidden
by Islam. According to Muslim law, a graveshould be covered with earth
and bricks. Grand Islamic tombs often have no doors, suggesting
perhaps that their owners wanted to pay “lip service” to the law, whilst
evading its true meaning/purpose.
 The Qu’ran discusses theqibla, or direction of prayer towards Mecca,
(westwards in India) and this is usually indicated by the angle of the rear
wall of the sanctuary in the mosque. Other than this, the forms of the
mosquehave grown up through tradition.
 Allegedly, one tradition which relates the sanctuary to the courtyard is
based on a typical Arab house, like those used in Medina by Muhammad
himself.
 NB – the Prophetonce described architecture as, “the mostunprofitable
thing that eats up the wealth of a believer.”
 Usually, the decoration on ‘Islamic’ buildings is mathematical and
geometric in design with sharp, crisp corners. BecauseIslam forbids any
representation of Allah, and restricts images of the human figure
considering such art in line with idolatry, religious buildings in particular

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are decorated with combinations of geometric pattern, calligraphy
depicting phrases fromthe Qu’ran, and arabesquepatters.
 Geometric pattern often plays on the number four, a number which
symbolically stands for perfection. Infinitely repeating patterns also are
seen to represent the unchanging laws of God.
 The arabesque, a repeating pattern of foliage, is another popular form
of non-figurativerepresentation, and illustrates the beauty of creation
and the bounty that can be expected in Paradisefor the faithful.
 The dome, arguably the most prominent feature of
Mughal/Islamic/Indian architecture, is a symbolic representation of the
vault of heaven. According to Islam, God’s thronein paradiseis a
gigantic pearl on four pillars through which the rivers of grace run
through.
 The minaret was originally the place wherethe call to prayer was given
by the muezzin, butoften was simply ornamental. Itbecomes
increasingly clear that their function is ornamental, when there is more
than one, i.e. two, or four (never three) – because of the holiness of the
number four.
 Many of the distinct Mughal elements were initiated by the Mosque
design, but later appropriated by mausoleums and even fort, namely the
domes, minarets, arches and even the iwans (main façade doorways
with an arched entrance). However, as with the Taj Mahal, mosques
were often incorporated into the wider complex as well.

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TheMosque
 The mosque is a place of worship for Muslims.
 One feature of the mosqueis a courtyard surrounded byarched
walkways called arcades. In this courtyard thereis often an area where
worshipperscan wash at an ablutions fountain beforepraying.
 The courtyard leads to a roofed area - the main prayer hall. Part of this
roof often takes the form of a dome, which represents the heavens. The
prayer-hallmust have one wall facing Mecca which is called the qibla
wall. In the qibla wall is the mihrab, which is the focuspoint of any
mosque, and is a niche in the wall indicating the direction of Mecca.
 The minbar, or pulpit, is set to the rightof the mihrab, and is a staircase
which leads to a small platform. Itis from here that the imam leads the
prayersand delivers the khutba, or lesson.
 The dikka is a platform, wherethe muezzins follow the postures of the
imam and speak the responses so that the prayer can be repeated to the
congregation. The kursi is a stand on which the Qur’an, Islam’sholybook,
sits.
 The minaret is a tower usually directly next to the mosque. From the top
the muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.
Designandconstruction:
 Those responsible for design and construction were largely anonymous,
which reflects the low social-status they had. Credit was given to the
patron alone.
 The design process involved a hierarchyof craftsmen with variousgrades
of skill.
 Craftsmen were often shipped in for their specific skills – even Europeans
were employed for their skills for work on the Taj Mahal.

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 The Taj Mahaltook nearly 20 years to build, with a workforceof 20,000
people.
Style:
 The Mughalsdid not simply construct Central Asian architectureon
Indian soil, (unlike the British who built Western-style buildings, because
they were constantly referring backto a ‘parent’ country)
 Babur invaded India and was never in a position to return to his
homeland, so in sense his culturewas transplanted.
 Babur and Humayun had little opportunityto build in their shortreign, so
it was really Akbar who started the Mughal tradition of building, and he
had been distanced from his Timurid heritage by this stage.
 Mughalstyle however, is essentially Muslim. Sometimes the emperors
imported architects and ideas etc, from Persia although they did rely on
India’scraftspeople.
 The indigenoustradition (i.e. Hindu and Buddhist) was deeply figurative
and organic – the polar opposite to Islamic style which was essentially
non-figurativeand mathematical/geometric.
 It is possible to observe the development of Mughal architecturein the
buildingsthemselves. The Taj Mahal is recognisedworld wideas the
pinnacle of Indian architecture.

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 MUGHAL STYLE –summary diagram
 Remember that there had been earlier Muslim rulers in India, so that
there had already been some Islamic architecturalinfluence. Therefore,
not a novel import, but rather a continuation of an already established
Indio-Islamic tradition.
 Whoever was ruler also affected the dominant style. Akbar and Shah
Jahan werethe two greatestpatrons. Akbar was a moreforthright
encourager of Hindu input.
 Argumentgoes that by Shah Jahan’s reign, the fusion of styles from
disparatesources has become a proper fusion of styles that could truly
be called a “Mughal” style rather than a synthesis
 Akbar’s style= more robust, whereas by Shah Jahan, had grown much
more delicate and refined.
 One consistentMughal detail is lavishness –colour, inlaid precious gems
etc.
Indigenous India
craftspeople –
Organic/figurative
style
Colonizing Mughal
nation- Mathematical,
non-figurative style
NewMughal style = completelydistinct, a sort of Islamic hybrid of
these two forms exclusive Mughal India.
The popular view that Mughal architecture is Persian in style is not true.