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Sustainable Sanitation Facility For a Haitian Low
Income Neighborhood

Engineers without borders - University of Minnesota, 2010. EWB Haiti Biogas Project. [online] Available at: < https://wiki.umn.edu/EWB/Haiti_Biogas> [Accessed 14
June 2011]

Problem Statement
P2 presentatie - 15-06-2011 - Arie van Amerongen - 1366823 - Explore Lab 12/Urban Emergencies

- Problem statement
- Goals and research questions
- Research structure and methodology
- Sanitation systems and technologies
- Location
- Design

contents

Rapid growth of Port au Prince: a population of 2.143 million in 2010 and an annual growth rate
of 3.9% (The World Factbook)

Incapacity of the government to provide formal facilities like houses, jobs, services, result the
emergence of large informal settlements, being 70% of urban population in 2007 (UN Data)

In 2008, Haiti was the only country in which access to improved sanitation has significantly de-
creased (to 19% according to UNICEF)

Resulting in polluted environments and water

Earthquake two fold result
- destroyed the little sanitation services that were available
- financial capital through NGO’s

No existing sanitation creates opportunity to leapfrog to an innovative sustainable sanitation sys-
tem.

Problem Statement

Goldfarb, Michael/MSF, 2010. Public latrines in the Cite Soleil slum of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. [online] Available at: < http://www.msf.org/msf/articles/2010/04/three-
months-after-the-earthquake-that-has-impacted-on-the-lives-of-millions-in-haiti.cfm> [accessed 14 June 2011]

Problem Statement

The goal of the research is to propose a sanitation system which can be a strategic tool for
sustainable spatial redevelopment of a Haitian low income neighborhood. This system will be
implemented in the design of a neighborhood and a sanitation facility. This system must be based
on a closed loop recycling economy so that no valuable wastes are being discharged.

The research question and sub-questions from these goals are:

Which sanitation system, which is based on a closed loop
recycling economy, would be sustainable in the redevelopment of
a Haitian low income neighborhood?

- What are the physical and environmental, social-cultural and economic, technical and legal,
and the institutional and regulatory characteristics of the context.

- What sanitation systems could be used in an urban low income neighborhoods?

Research goals and questions

Existing global practises Existing local context
in sanitation. understanding and analysis of
description of potential systems existing local context in the
and techniques, with pros, cons following themes:
and conditions. -Physical and environmental
-Socio – cultural and economic
-Technical and legal
Synergizing global practises -Institutional and regulatory
with local context into a choice
of one sustainable system.

Strategy for implementa- Design of neighborhood
tion of a sanitation facility and sanitation facility
in the (re)development of Sanitation identity
a neighborhood Transparancy/awareness
Using provision of sanitation services
Disaster resilient
as a strategic tool for neighborhood
redevelopment. Local embedded: climatical, material and
technical

Research structure

Who What Method
Sanitation (and water)
In eld experts
- post disaster Environmental.
- sanitation locations of defecation, water supply, washing visit site
infrastructure: sewage, drainage, piping,
? end of line/dump or reuse
structure/buildings for sanitation and water
visit sanitation projects
? - camp
Socail - cultural
sociol-cultural values - neighborhood
? acceptance of use, technologies, handeling, reuse
in food and non-food agriculture
perceptions/ideas on WASH, current and how
should be/preference interview
gender issues
WASH ? safety
religioun
customs and habits cluster meeting
Local inhabitants Saint Marie importance of sanitation, vs. shelter, income, etc

Villa Rosa Economical
expenses spend on use of water and sanitation observations
Camp pp.
nancial capacity of households, expenses
system costs and bene ts currently
mapping
Church organisation
Saint Marie ? Operational
implementation strategy, pitfalls and considera-
tions
used technologies and systems workshop
local practises
NGO practises
technical norm/standards o cial, practise
knowledge and skill people
public/private actors

Research methodology

Who What Method

In eld experts Site
- post disaster
- sanitation population visit site
demography
? climate
geo- topography
visit sanitation projects
? landuse
- camp
built-up area
infrastructure, water, sewage, roads, electricity, - neighborhood
? drainage,
centrality, central functions
public facilities
future plan neighborhood, likely and wished interview

WASH ?
cluster meeting
Local inhabitants Saint Marie

Villa Rosa
observations
Camp

mapping
Church organisation
Saint Marie ?
workshop


IFRC, Haiti: From sustaining lives to sustainable solutions: the challenge of sanitation, IFRC and RCS: Geneva, 2010


Sanitation systems and technologies

Sanitation

Toilet facilities - Collection and Storage/ - Conveyance - (semi-) Centralized Treatment - Use of Products/Disposal
Local Treatment

Akvo, 2011. Akvopedia Sanitation Portal, Sanitation Technologies. [online] Available at: <http://www.akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Portal:Sanitation> [accessed 14 June
2011]

Sanitation technologies

Seven system templates covering almost al possible systems.

System 1: Wet mixed blackwater and greywater system with offsite treatment
System 2: Wet mixed blackwater and greywater system with decentralised treatment
System 3: Wet blackwater system
System 4: Wet urine diversion system
System 5: Dry excreta and greywater system
System 6: Dry urine, faeces and greywater diversion system
System 7: Simplified sewers

Systems and technologies are adopted from:
- Lüthi, C., Panesar, A., Schütze, T., Norström, A., McConville, J., Parkinson, J., Saywell, D., Ingle, R., Sustainable Sanitation in Cities – A Framework for Action. Sustainable
Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) & International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU), Papiroz Publishing House: The Netherlands, 2011
- Tilley, Elizabeth et al, Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag): Dübendorf, Switzer-
land, 2008
- Akvo, 2011. Akvopedia Sanitation Portal, Sanitation Technologies. [online] Available at: <http://www.akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Portal:Sanitation> [accessed 14 June
2011]

Sanitation systems

System 1: Wet mixed blackwater and greywater system with offsite treatment
Urine Grey Water
Faeces Storm water
Flush water
Anal cleansing material

Eﬄuent

Faecal sludge

Flush toilet Conventional Anaerobic Irrigation
Sewer Baﬄed Reactor

Planted drying Land application
bed

Sanitation systems

System 2: Wet mixed blackwater and greywater system with decentralised
treatment
Urine
Faeces
Flush water
Biogas

Flush toilet Biogas reactor Constructed Irrigation
wetland

Motorized Planted drying Land application
Emptying bed

Sanitation systems

System 3: Wet blackwater system

Urine
Faeces
Flush water
Anal cleansing water

Pour ﬂush Twin pits for Human powered Surface
toilet pour ﬂush emptying disposal

Sanitation systems

System 4: Wet urine diversion system

Urine Grey Water
Faeces Storm water
Flush water
Irrigation

Conventional Anaerobic Planted drying Land application
Sewer Baﬄed Reactor bed

Storage tanks Jerrycan Application
of urine

Sanitation systems

System 5: Dry excreta and greywater system

Urine
Faeces

Dry toilet Composting Human powered Applicaton
chamber emptying of compost

Grey water

Constructed (ground)Water
wetland recharge

Sanitation systems

System 6: Dry urine, faeces and greywater diversion system

Urine
Dehydration Applicaton of de-
Faeces
vault hydrated faeces

UDDT Storage tanks Jerrycan Application
of urine

Grey water

Constructed Irrigation
wetland

Sanitation systems

System 7: Simplified sewers

Urine
Faeces
Flush water
Anal cleansing water

Pour ﬂush Septic tank Simpliﬁed Constructed Irrigation
toilet sewer wetland

Motorized Planted drying Land application
Emptying bed

Sanitation sytems

Sustainability criteria for sanitation:

Health and hygiene include the risk of exposure to pathogens
and hazardous substances and improvement of livelihood
achieved by the application of a certain sanitation system.
Environment and natural resources involve the resources
needed in the project as well as the degree of recycling and re-
use practiced and the effects of these.
Technology and operation relate to the functionality and ease
of constructing, operating and monitoring the entire system as
well as its robustness and adaptability to existing systems.
Financial and economic issues include the capacity of house-
holds and communities to cover the costs for sanitation as well
as the benefit, e.g. from fertilizer and the external impact on
the economy.
Socio-cultural and institutional aspects refer to the socio-cul-
tural acceptance and appropriateness of the system, percep-
tions, gender issues and compliance with legal and institutional
frameworks.

- SuSanA, Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions, Susana: no place, 2007

Sanitation systems

Terra Preta Sanitation system
+ No/little use of water
+ High quality compost
+ Little space needed
+ Local materials
? Handling human faeces
? Acceptance human waste in food production Storage + lacto-fermentation
under anaerobic conditions

water
-rainwater waste
-ground water
-surface water human water
UDDT
charcoal faeces

consumption helofyten lter
organic waste urine vermi composting
wood cooking
food
agriculture irrigation

Sanitation systems

Google Earth, [accessed 14 June 2011]

Caribbean


Haiti


Port au Prince


Villa Rosa / Saint Marie


North view of Villa Rosa / Saint Marie

H., Alain, 2010. Port au Prince. [online] Available at: < http://www.panoramio.com/photo/2037534?source=wapi&referrer=kh.google.com> [accessed 14 June 2011]

Villa Rosa

Saint Marie is an attraction point in the area.

Location

Project can influence/extend to other neighborhoods

Location

- Design qualities

- Design sketch ideas

Design

Sanitation identity
The facility is recognisable as a sanitation facility by its design.

Sanitation facility accommodates a communal space for
washing and meeting.
Experience in the informal settlement Old Fadama in Ghana revealed that
washing clothes can be a communal activity where woman meet. This
quality will be included in this design.

Design qualities

Transparancy / awareness

Through the transparant design the system becomes understandable, creating aware-
ness of the use and value of human waste.

Ooze architects, between the waters, Emscher DE

Design qualities

Resistant or resilient to natural hazards, i.e. floods, hurricanes and
earthquakes.

Hurricane Flood Earthquake

No large overhang Water resistant wall
Flexible

No large openings Raised floor strong solid

Design qualities

Local embedded: cultural, climactic, material and technical

Gingerbread house Rural houses

Cuny, Frederick C., Improvement of rural housing in Haiti to withstand hurricanes, Oxfam: no place, 1982
Hammer, Martin, et al, Preserving Haiti’s Gingerbread Houses, World Monuments Fund: New York, 2010

Design qualities

Contradictions
Transparency vs Closed buildings
Locally embedded (veranda) vs hazard resistant/resilient

Win-win
Flood raised floor + storage space

Design contradictions

Water cycle

catch

Wind study

storage Water and Sanitation system

use
UDDT

agriculture
catch

clean lacto-fermentation vermi-composting

Design ideas

Design idea - small scale facility

Women

Compost
Men

Design ideas large facility

Mesi anpil!

Thatu, [online] Available at: <http://www.thatu.org/Sibanye%20Food%20Growing%20Project%20popup.htm> [accessed 14 June 2011]

Questions?

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