The detailed concept of airport layout with all formulas.

1. Airport Layout 1
AIRPORT LAYOUT

2. Runway Orientation
• Runway: A long piece of ground with a hard surface where aircraft take off and land at an
airport.Runways will be oriented in the direction of prevailing wind.
• Head wind: it is the direction of wind opposite to the direction and taking-off which
provides greater lifts on the wings of aircraft when it is taking-off
• The aircraft rises much earlier above the ground and in shorter length of runway,
similarly during landing head
• Tail Wind: Wind which is blown in same direction as on aircraft. It increases stopping
distance and lift-off distance. Dangerous too.
• Cross Wind: makes an angle with the direction of aircraft movement (Vsinθ). If this
component is more then aircraft may not manoeuver safely. Generally it should not
be more than 25kmph
• Minimum wind coverage is 95%
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Airport Layout

3. • Wind coverage: wind coverage of airport is the percentage of time in a year during
which the cross wind component remain within the limit or runway system is not
restricted minimum wind coverage of 95%
• Calm period: this is the period of which the wind intensity remain below 6.4 km/hr
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Airport Layout

4. Wind rose diagram
• Wind rose is a graphic tool to give a short view of how wind speed & direction are
typically distributed at a particular location.
• There are two type of wind rose diagram
Wind Rose Diagram Type-I
 It is based on direction and duration of wind.
 Minimum 8 directions is taken but optimum is 16.
 Data includes total percentage of time in each direction.
 Concentric circles are drawn to scale according to the percentage of time wind is
blowing in that direction.
 Total percentage in each direction is marked on the radial line drawn in that direction.
 These points on radial lines are joined together to form a duration map.
 Best direction of runway is indicated along the direction of the longest line on the wind
rose diagram.
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Airport Layout

5. Wind Rose Diagram Type-II
 It is based on direction, duration and intensity of wind.
 Concentric circles are drawn to scale according to the wind velocity.
 The influence of wind is assumed to spread at an angle of 22.5° in a direction.
 Radial lines, from center, are drawn up to mid point of two directions, thus
dividing the space into 16 directions and 64 parts.
 Categorized duration is marked in the related cell.
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Airport Layout

6. Basic runway length
• It is the length of runway under the following assumed condition at the airport:
a. No wind on runway.
b. Aircraft is filled with full capacity.
c. Airport is at the MSL.
d. No wind in the direction of aircraft moment.
e. No gradient on runway.
f. Standard temperature at MSL is 15 ͦC.
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Airport Layout

7. Correction of runway length
• The basic runway length is for mean sea level having standard atmospheric conditions,
necessary corrections are therefore applied after determining the basic runway length
are:
1. Correction for Elevation
2. Correction for Temperature
3. Check for total correction for Elevation and Temperature
4. Correction for Gradient
Elevation correction [ICAO]
Higher the elevation ͢͢ Lower the pressure ͢͢ More engine power required ͢ More
runway length
Hence correction is required
For every rise of 300m length increase by 7%
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Airport Layout

8. Temperature correction [ICAO]
ART= 𝑇𝑎 +
𝑻𝒎−𝑻𝒂
𝟑
ART or T= Airport reference temperature
Ta = Monthly mean of average daily temperature for the hottest month of the year
Tm = Monthly mean of maximum daily temperature for same month of the year
Standard airport temperature (SAT) at MSL is 15 ͦͦC
If higher than MSL at every 1000m Hight 6.5 ͦC temperature decrease
For every 1 ͦ C different between ART and SAT runway length increase 1%
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Airport Layout

9.  Gradient correction
• For 1% of effective gradient the runway length increased by 20%
• Effective gradient is defined as the maximum difference in elevation between the
highest and lowest points of runway divided by the total length of runway
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Airport Layout

10. Airport classification
• WHAT IS AN AIRPORT?
An airport is a location where aircraft such as airplanes take off and land. It is a
facility where passengers connect from ground transportation to air transportation.
• AIRPORTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO DIFFERENT TYPES
i. Based on Take-off & Landing
ii. Based on Aircraft approach speed.
iii. Based on Function.
iv. Based on Geometric Design.
v. Based on aircraft wheel characteristics.
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Airport Layout

11. Airport Capacity
• The number of aircraft movements which an airport can process within a specified
period of time is defined as airport capacity.
• Factors affecting airport capacity
1. Runway configurations and the connected taxiways.
2. Aircraft characteristics and their arrival to departure ratio.
3. Weather conditions.
4. Terrain and man-made obstructions.
5. Loading apron space.
6. Navigation aids.
7. Aircraft processing technique.
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Airport Layout

12. Runway configuration
• Many runway configurations exist Most are combinations of these basic
configurations:
• Single runway.
• Parallel Runways.
• Two parallel runways.
• Two parallel runways with staggered thresholds.
• Four parallel runways.
• Intersecting runways.
• Open-V Runways.
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Airport Layout

13. Flight Operation Rules
• Aircraft operate under two basic types of flight rules:
• Visual Flight Rules (VFR)
i. These rules apply when weather conditions are such that aircrafts can maintain
safe separation by visual means.
ii. Aircrafts are allowed to fly under "see and be seen principle. Air traffic
controllers exercise minimum control under VFR. Intervene only when there is
need. (Passive Control).
• Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)
i. These rules apply when visibility falls below the minimum level nfixed for VFR
operations.
ii. In IFR conditions, safer separation is the responsibility of air traffic control
personnel.
iii. In other words air traffic controllers exercise positive control when IFR apply.
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Airport Layout

14. Taxiway design
• Taxiway: A taxiway is a path for aircraft at an airport connecting runways with
aprons hangars terminals and other facilities.
Geometric Design Standards:
• Length of taxiway: It should be as short as practicable.
• Width of taxiway: Width of taxiway is lower than the runway width
• Width of safety area: A width of 7.5 m of shoulders adjacent to the pavement edges
should be paved with light strength material.
• Longitudinal gradient: ICAO recommends that the longitudinal gradient should not
exceed 1.5% for A and B types and 3% for C,D and E types.
• Transverse gradient: ICAO has recommended that the transverse gradient should not
exceed 1.5% for A,B and C types and 2% for D and E types.
• Rate of change of longitudinal gradient: ICAO recommends that the rate of change
of slope in longitudinal direction should not exceed 1% per 30 m length of vertical
curve for A,B and C types and 1.2% for D and E type of airports.
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Airport Layout

15. • Sight distance: ICAO has recommended that the surface of taxiway must be visible from
3m height for a distance of 300m for A,B and C types and distance of 250m be visible for
2.1m height for D and E types of airports.
• turning radius: Whenever there is a change in the direction of taxiway a horizontal curve
is provided.
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Airport Layout

16. • Design of taxiway as per Center Fugal criteria:
The radius of horizontal curve is obtained by
V= speed in km/h
Coefficient of friction (f) 1.3
• Design of taxiway as per Horonjeff:
Horonjeff equation
R=Radius of taxiway
W=Wheel base of taxiway (m)
T=Width of taxiway pavement (m)
S=Distance b/w midway point of main gears and the edge of taxiway pavement (m)
• Design of taxiway as pe ICAO:
for super-sonic Aircraft R=180m This is classify on the basis of Mach no.
M>1 super sonic, M<1 sub sonic, M=1 sonic.
sub-sonic Aircraft R=120m
[Note: maximum of all these three we will used as for taxiway design.]
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Airport Layout

17. Exit Taxiway
These are taxiways provided at appropriate locations along
the length of runway so that the landing aircrafts can
maneuver out of the runway minimizing their runway
occupancy time.
Right angled exit taxiways:
These are exit taxiways placed at right angles to the
runway. When the design peak hour traffic is less than 30
operations (landings and takeoffs), a properly located
right-angled exit taxiway will achieve an efficient flow of
traffic.
High speed exit taxiways:
These exit taxiways are placed at acute angle to the
runway and are designed to provide high exit (turnoff)
speeds. These high speed exit taxiways when properly
designed in terms of their number, location and exit speed
can enhance the capacity of the runway.
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Airport Layout

18. Exit Taxiway Design
Following are to be considered in the geometric design of a exit taxiways.
• Angle of turn
• Compound curve
• Exit speed
• Lengths L1 and L2
• Stopping distance
• Length of Taxiway
• Fillet Radius
Angle of Turn
(θ or A)An angle of turn of 30°-45° is desirable for negotiating a curve in a smooth and satisfactory
manner. 30° < θ <45°
Compound Curve:
For high turn off speed, compound curve is provided to minimize tyre wear the nose gear
R₁ - Radius of Entrance Curve
R2- Radius Central Curve
L₁-Length of Entrance Curve
L2- Length of Central Curve
Exit
taxiway
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Airport Layout

19. Recommendation for radius of entrance curve R1
Exit speed in (kmph) Radius of R1 (m)
65
80
95
517
731
941
Length of Entrance (L₁)and Central
Curve (L₂)
Deflection angle of entrance curve is given by
Deflection angle of Central Curve
Length of the central Curve (L₂)
Exit Speed and Radius of Central Curve R2
V is the speed in kmph
R is the radius of the curve in m
f is the coefficient of friction and is equal to 0.13
Length of the entrance curve (L1) can be estimated as
Where, V is the aircraft exit speed in kmph
C is the factor with a value of 0.39 19
Airport Layout

20. Stopping Distance (SD)
Sufficient distance must be provided to comfortably decelerate the aircraft after it leaves
the runway. The stopping distance is computed as
Where, d = average rate of deceleration m/s
V= Exit Speed (kmph)
Fillets
This is extra wide area provided at the curves so that rear wheel does not go off the
pavement edge.
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Airport Layout

21. Holding Apron
Aprons
• It's the Portion of an airport usually paved in front of Terminal building, for Parking,
Loading & Unloading of Aircraft.
• Holding bays are also known as holding aprons, They are provided at busy airports near
the runways.
• They hold Planes Before its Takeoff to wait till the runway is cleared.
Types of Aprons
• Terminal Apron.
• Cargo Apron.
• Parking Apron.
• Service and Hanger Apron.
• Itinerant Apron.
• General Aviation Apron.
• Other Ground Servicing Apron.
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Airport Layout

22. Location of terminal building
• Terminal building is the main building where passengers embark and disembark
aircrafts. [embark = go onboard an aircraft]
• The terminals are the front door' to the Airport and serve as the public interface
between the airside and landside elements.
Components of an Airport terminal
• Three primary components of an airport complex - Landside, terminal building and
airside facilities
• Passengers embark and disembark from the aircrafts.
Terminal
building
Air side facilities-
• Runway
• Apron
• Taxiway
• Gate
• Control tower
Land side facilities-
• Curb front pedestrian
facilities.
• Public transportation
(including bus and
rail)
• Parking facilities
Entry exit roadways
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Airport Layout

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Airport Layout

24. Aircraft hanger and parking
• Hangars are the enclosures for housing and repairing of aircrafts
• steel framework with galvanized iron sheets are generally provided
• Space is provided for the machine shops and the stores for spare parts
• required for the maintenance of different types of aircrafts within that hanger
• Size depends on aircraft size and turning radius
• No of hangars depends on the peak hour intensity
• Adequate lighting should be provided with in the hanger
• So maintenance can be performed even in the bad light conditions at outside
• Location should be nearer to loading apron and terminal buildings as practicable
• Facilities like water supply, telephone, drainage etc. should be available
• Favorable topography with good natural drainage is desirable
• Should not be in the direction of frequent wind storm
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Airport Layout

25. Different types of hangars
• Types of storage and service hangars
• Nose Hangar
• Provided for large sized aircraft
• Only nose of the aircraft moves into hanger
• Comfortable working conditions
• Economical
• T-Hangar
• Provided for small sized aircrafts
• Encloses the aircraft fully
Nose Hanger
T-Hanger
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Airport Layout